American Indians

American Indian is a term applied to a person descended from the original inhabitants of the land that is now the continental United States of America. Christopher Columbus, encountered the Americas and brought news of his explorations to Europe in 1492. He named the people whom he met "Indians," believing that he had reached India. Columbus was mistaken, but his designation of the land's native people remained.

In all likelihood, the American Indians migrated to the Americas across the Bering Land Bridge. Upon arriving in the Americas, they evolved culturally, socially, economically, and politically into very diverse groups. Historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists generally divide the history of Indian people in Ohio into five time periods.

These time periods are:

The Paleoindian Period (13000 BC to 7000 BC)
The Archaic Period (8000 BC to 500 BC)
The Woodland Period (800 BC to AD 1200)
The Late Prehistoric Period (AD 1200 to circa AD 1650)
The Historic Period (AD 1650 to AD 1843)

As evidenced in this timeline, natives enjoyed a long and rich history before the arrival of Europeans in AD 1650. Once whites arrived in Ohio in the late seventeenth century, the lives of Ohio's Indians would never be the same.

For additional information on these specific eras, on the specific Indian nations that occupied Ohio, the Indian lifestyle, and native interactions with Europeans and white Americans, please browse these entries at your leisure.

There are 365 entries matching this topic. They are listed below in alphabetical order.

Adena Culture: The Adena culture refers to the prehistoric American Indian peoples that lived in southern Ohio and neighboring regions of West Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana during the Early Woodland Period. . . .
Adena Mound: The Adena Mound was located in Chillicothe at the base of the hill where Governor Thomas Worthington built his home. "Adena" is the name Worthington gave to his estate. The Adena culture (800 B.C. to 1 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people is named for the Adena Mound. . . .
Adena Pipe: The Adena Pipe is one of the most remarkable artifacts in the collections of the Ohio Historical Society. . . .
African Americans: Numerous African Americans have resided in Ohio. Today, African-American Ohioans continue to enhance Ohio's cultural and social landscape. . . .
Alder, Jonathan: Jonathan Alder, a captive of Native Americans, was born in Maryland, on September 17, 1773. Two years later his family moved to Wythe County, Virginia. When Alder was seven years of age, Indians captured him and his younger brother. . . .
Algonquian Indians: The Algonquian Indians are a variety of groups of Native Americans who all speak languages closely related to one another. The Algonquian language group is one of the largest in native America. . . .
Alligator Mound: Alligator Mound is an effigy mound located in Granville. The mound is 200 feet long and five to six feet high at its highest point. It is located on the top of a bluff overlooking the Raccoon Creek valley. . . .
American Frontier: As it relates to Ohio, the American Frontier Era began with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Some English colonists, such as missionaries for the Moravian Church, fur trappers, and struggling eastern farmers, had moved west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio Country and other areas before 1776. . . .
American Indians: American Indian is a term applied to a person descended from the original inhabitants of the land that is now the continental United States of America. . . .
American Revolution: The American Revolution was fought between England and thirteen of its North American colonies. Most historians maintain that the war began on April 19, 1775, with the battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, although the colonies did not officially approve and issue a Declaration of Independence until July 4, 1776. . . .
An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse With the Indian Tribes, and to Preserve Peace on the Frontiers (Transcript): Transcript of "An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse With the Indian Tribes, and to Preserve Peace on the Frontiers," approved, March 3. 1799. . . .
Archaic Period: Archaic hunters and gatherers continued the successful way of life of their Paleoindian ancestors, but moved about in a smaller area. They found new ways to harvest the rich natural bounty of Ohio's forests. . . .
Archaic Spear Points and Knives: During the Archaic period, people made flint spear points in a variety of shapes reflecting the various uses intended for the points as well as the different traditions of cultures living in different regions of the continent. . . .
Arrowheads: While small projectile points have been found at some Archaic sites, it appears that the native peoples of the Ohio country first began to use the bow and arrow during the Late Woodland period at around AD 500. . . .
Ash Cave: Ash Cave is part of the Hocking Hills State Park near Logan, Ohio. The cave is one of Ohio's most popular natural history attractions. . . .
Ater Mound: The Ater Mound was a large, conical burial mound located in Concord Township, Ross County, Ohio. It was built by the people known to archaeologists as the Hopewell Culture (circa 100 BC-AD 500). . . .
Atwater, Caleb: Caleb Atwater, one of Ohio's earliest historians and reformers, was born in North Adams, Massachusetts on Christmas day in 1778. He graduated from William's College in 1804 with a Master of Arts degree. . . .
Bacon, David: David Bacon was a prominent Congregationalist missionary in early nineteenth-century Ohio. . . .
Bannerstone: "Bannerstone" is the name given to a variety of beautifully-crafted stone artifacts. . . .
Battle of Fallen Timbers: The Battle of Fallen Timbers was an important victory for the United States Army against natives in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Battle of Peckuwe: The Battle of Peckuwe was the largest battle of the American Revolution to occur west of the Allegheny Mountains. . . .
Battle of Piqua: Throughout the American Revolution, Shawnee warriors conducted raids against American settlements in Kentucky. In November 1782, George Rogers Clark, hoping to prevent further attacks, led 1,050 men against the Shawnee Indians living in the Miami River Valley. . . .
Battle of Point Pleasant: The Battle of Point Pleasant, fought on October 10, 1774, was the decisive battle of Lord Dunmore's War. . . .
Battle of the Olentangy: In 1782, William Crawford led a combined force of Virginians and Pennsylvanians in an attack on Mingo Indians and Delaware Indians along the Sandusky River. David Williamson and a number of the men who had participated in the Gnadenhutten Massacre of Delaware Indians were among his troops. . . .
Battle of the Sandusky: In 1782, William Crawford led a combined force of Virginians and Pennsylvanians in an attack on Mingo Indians and Delaware Indians along the Sandusky River. David Williamson and a number of the men who had participated in the Gnadenhutten Massacre of Delaware Indians were among his troops. . . .
Battle of the Thames: The Battle of the Thames was a pivotal American victory during the War of 1812. . . .
Battle of Tippecanoe: In 1811, the Battle of Tippecanoe was a significant defeat for Tecumseh's Native-American Confederation. . . .
Baum Village: The Baum Village site is a large village of the Fort Ancient culture (AD 1000-1650) located along Paint Creek in Ross County, Ohio. The village covered more than ten acres and included more than 49 houses, 127 burials, and 234 storage pits. There was a flat-topped pyramid-shaped mound at the center of the village. The mound was 120 feet wide at the base and fifteen feet high. . . .
Beaver Wars: Beginning in the 1600s, the Iroquois Indians participated in the fur trade principally with Dutch and British merchants, although a few Iroquois also traded with the French. . . .
Big Bottom Massacre: The Big Bottom Massacre was a famous encounter between Northwest Territory settlers and local American Indian tribes in 1791. . . .
Bird, Henry: During the American Revolution, Captain Henry Bird led a combined force of British troops and Shawnee Indians against white settlements in Kentucky. In 1779, Colonel John Bowman and a band of three hundred Kentuckians attacked Native Americans living near modern-day Xenia, Ohio. . . .
Blackhand Gorge State Nature Preserve: Blackhand Gorge State Nature Preserve is located in Licking County, Ohio. Controlled by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Blackhand Gorge State Nature Preserve is one of Ohio's most popular natural history attractions. . . .
Boone, Daniel: Daniel Boone was a man of the frontier in early America. As the frontier moved, he moved with it and became one of the most well-known men of his time. . . .
Bouquet's Expedition: In 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet led an expedition into the Ohio country to put down an Indian uprising that later came to be called Pontiac's Rebellion. . . .
Bouquet, Henry: Colonel Henry Bouquet was a prominent British military commander in the Ohio Country during the French and Indian War (1754-1763) and Pontiac's Rebellion (1763). . . .
Braddock, Edward: Edward Braddock was born near Perth, Scotland in 1695. He joined the British army at the age of fifteen. He rose through the ranks and had become a major general by 1754. . . .
Bradstreet, John: John Bradstreet was an English military commander in America during the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. . . .
Brickell, John: John Brickell was captured by the Delaware Indians when he was ten and lived among them for four years. . . .
British Era: The British Era began with England's victory over France in the French and Indian War. The British acquired the Ohio Country through the Treaty of Paris (1763), although many of the Native Americans living in the area did not agree with the loss of French influence. . . .
Brodhead, Daniel: During the American Revolution, Daniel Brodhead served for a brief time period as the commander of Fort Pitt. . . .
Buffington Island Mound: The Buffington Island Mound is a large, conical burial mound located along the Ohio River in Meigs County, Ohio. It is typical of mounds known to have been built by the Adena Culture (circa 800 BC-AD 100), but the cultural affiliation is not known for certain. . . .
Butler, Richard: Richard Butler was a frontiersman and military leader in the years before, during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Campbell, Mary: During the French and Indian War (1756-1763) the Delaware Indians captured Mary Campbell. . . .
Campus Martius: Campus Martius was the name the settlers of Marietta gave to the fortifications they built to protect their new settlement. . . .
Canadian Ohioans: Numerous Ohioans are descended from both French and English Canadian ancestors. Today, Canadian Ohioans continue to enhance Ohio's cultural and social landscape. . . .
Catahecassa: Black Hoof was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. Little is known about his early years. Some historians believe he was born in 1717, but this seems unlikely considering that he lived until 1831. . . .
Celeron de Bienville's Expedition: In 1748, Comte de la Galissoniere, the highest-ranking French official in North America, ordered Celeron de Bienville (also spelled Celeron de Blainville) to take 250 French soldiers to the Ohio Country to renew old friendships with local Native Americans and to drive the English traders from the region. . . .
Child Labor: The use of children as laborers in Ohio's agricultural and industrial occupations occurred from the very beginning of the state's history. Native American societies commonly relied on children to assist in hunting, the growing of crops, and other tasks. . . .
Chillicothe Earthworks: The area near what is now Chillicothe, Ohio was in the heartland of the prehistoric Woodland cultures of Native Americans known to archaeologists as the Adena and Hopewell. The importance of this region for these ancient societies is evident in the number and variety of earthworks located in the Scioto River Valley north and south of modern Chillicothe. There are more earthworks per square mile here than in any other part of North America. . . .
Chillicothe, Ohio: Chillicothe is the county seat of Ross County. . . .
Chippewa Indians: The Chippewa Indians, also known as the Ojibwa, lived mainly in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Ontario, Canada. . . .
Cincinnati, Ohio: From modest beginnings, Cincinnati soon became the "Queen City of the West". . . .
Circleville Earthworks: The Circleville Earthworks were constructed by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people in what is now Circleville, Ohio. A circular earthwork consisted of an outer circular wall 1,140 feet in diameter and an inner circular wall with a ditch between them. . . .
Circleville, Ohio: Circleville is the county seat of Pickaway County. . . .
Clark, George R.: George Rogers Clark was born near Charlottesville, Virginia, on November 19, 1752. He received little formal schooling, but in his late teens, Clark's grandfather taught him how to survey the land. In 1772, Clark put his training to use. . . .
Clovis Culture: The Clovis culture is one of the oldest widely recognized cultures of prehistoric native peoples in North America. The hallmark of the Clovis culture is the Clovis spear point. . . .
Clovis Spear Points: Clovis spear points are among the oldest stone points found in America, ranging in age from about 11,000 to 10,900 years BC. . . .
Conkle's Hollow: Conkle's Hollow is part of the Hocking Hills State Park near Logan, Ohio. It is one of Ohio's most popular natural history attractions. . . .
Coon Mound: The Coon Mound was a large, conical burial mound located in The Plains in Athens County, Ohio. It was named for Gabriel Coon, the owner of the land that included the mound. . . .
Copper Artifacts: The native peoples of Ohio first began to use copper late in the Archaic period. . . .
Coshocton, Ohio: Coshocton is the county seat of Coshoston County in east central Ohio. . . .
Cowan Creek Mound: The Cowan Creek Mound was a conical burial mound located in Vernon Township, Clinton County, Ohio. . . .
Crawford, William: William Crawford was born in Virginia in 1732. He was a farmer and a surveyor for most of his life, although he is more commonly known for his military experiences. . . .
Cresap, Michael: Michael Cresap was a frontiersman born in Maryland on April 17, 1742. He spent part of his adult years in the Ohio Country as a trader and land developer. . . .
Crook, George: George Crook was an American military leader whose career spanned the era from the American Civil War to the closing of the Western frontier. . . .
Custer, George A.: George Armstrong Custer was an American military leader who became known as a cavalry commander for the North during the American Civil War and in the opening of the West in the years after this conflict. . . .
Cutler, Manasseh: Although he did not spend that much time in the state, Manasseh Cutler was a major figure in the settling of Ohio in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Davis, Edwin: Edwin Davis was a physician and amateur archaeologist in Ohio in the mid-nineteenth century. He was born in 1811 in Chillicothe, Ohio. . . .
de Bienville, Celeron: Celeron de Bienville was a French military leader and explorer of Ohio in the mid 1700's. His 1749 expedition to the Ohio Country is one of the more memorable of the era. . . .
Defiance, Ohio: Defiance is the county seat of Defiance County. . . .
Delaware Indians: The Delaware Indians, also called the Lenape, originally lived along the Delaware River in New Jersey. They speak a form of the Algonquian language and are thus related to the Miami Indians, Ottawa Indians, and Shawnee Indians. . . .
Dinwiddie, Robert: Robert Dinwiddie was the royal lieutenant governor of Virginia from 1751 to 1758. He was born in Scotland in 1693. . . .
Donalson, Israel: Israel Donalson was a representative to Ohio's first constitutional convention in 1802. . . .
Dudley's Defeat: Dudley's Defeat was an important battle during the War of 1812. The battle took place during the first siege of Fort Meigs. . . .
Dudley, William: William Dudley was an important American military commander during the War of 1812. . . .
Dunmore, John M.: John Murray, Lord Dunmore was a royal governor of Virginia in the years before the American Revolution. He was born in Scotland in 1732. He came from a noble family and was descended from royalty. In 1761, at the young age of twenty-nine years, . . .
Early/Middle Archaic Culture: The people of the Early and Middle Archaic period continued the basic hunting and gathering way of life established by the earlier Paleoindian cultures, but as the enviroment shifted from the open spruce forests of the Ice Age to the mix of deciduous trees more characteristic of modern Ohio, the people had to adapt to the changed circumstances. . . .
Edwin Harness Mound: The Edwin Harness Mound site was part of the Liberty Works, a ceremonial center of the Hopewell culture (100 BC – AD 500) located in Ross County. . . .
Eel River Indians: The Eel River Indians were a tribe living primarily in northwestern Indiana during the late 1700s and the early 1800s. . . .
Elliott, Matthew: Matthew Elliott was a British Indian Agent and militia officer in the years between the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Born in Ireland about 1739, Elliott migrated to America in 1761, . . .
English Ohioans: Numerous Ohioans are descended from English ancestors. Today, English Ohioans continue to enhance Ohio's cultural and social landscape. . . .
Enon Mound: The Enon Mound is a large conical mound preserved by the Village of Enon in Clark County. . . .
Esch Mounds: The Esch Mounds were a pair of conical burial mounds located along the Huron River in Erie County, Ohio. Emerson Greenman conducted early excavations at the Esch mounds in 1930. . . .
Fairmount Mound: The Fairmount Mound is a large conical mound located on the grounds of Fairmount Presbyterian Church in Licking County. . . .
Farny, Henry F.: Henry Francis Farny was a well known Ohio artist. While he became famous for his paintings of the American West, he spent most of his life in Cincinnati, Ohio. . . .
Flint: Flint, a variety of quartz, is a hard and durable mineral. This was known to William Shakespeare when he wrote Romeo and Juliet, and it was known to Native American Indians who were making tools from flint at the same time. Flint can be worked into a variety of forms, and its surfaces will take a high polish. . . .
Flint Ridge: Flint Ridge is a nearly eight-mile long vein of high-quality flint located in Licking and Muskingum counties of eastern Ohio. Hundreds of quarry pits and workshop sites are scattered across more than 2,000 acres of ridgetop in these Appalachian foothills. . . .
Fluted Spear Points: Fluted spear points include a variety of styles made by different cultures during the early Paleoindian Period. . . .
Fort Ancient Culture: The Fort Ancient culture thrived in southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. Villages were made up of a number of circular or rectangular houses surrounding an open plaza. . . .
Fort Ancient Earthworks: The Fort Ancient Earthworks are a series of earthen embankments that extend for more than three and one half miles around a high bluff along the Little Miami River in southwestern Ohio. Although it is called a "fort," it probably never served as a defensive work. . . .
Fort Defiance: In August 1794, Anthony Wayne ordered the construction of Fort Defiance at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers. Wayne had the fort built during his campaign against Ohio Native Americans to provide his men with protection and as a staging ground for future operations. . . .
Fort Detroit: French explorer and soldier Antoine Laumet de la Mothe Cadillac originally built Fort Detroit in 1701, naming it Fort Pontchartrain. The French hoped to use the fort to build alliances with the Indians living in the Ohio valley in order to protect their interests in the region from British encroachment. . . .
Fort Dunmore: Fort Dunmore was a British fort in western Pennsylvania in the years immediately before the American Revolution. It had previously been known as Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt. . . .
Fort Duquesne: Fort Duquesne was a French fort in western Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War (1756-1763). . . .
Fort Gower Resolutions: The Fort Gower Resolutions were an expression of the increasing spirit of American independence as the American Revolution was about to begin. . . .
Fort Greene Ville: In late 1793, American General Anthony Wayne ordered the construction of Fort Greene Ville, named for his friend and comrade in the American Revolution Nathaniel Greene. Wayne's army was marching against Native Americans along the Maumee River. . . .
Fort Hamilton: Arthur St. Clair, a general in the United States Army, ordered the construction of Fort Hamilton in September 1791. The fort was the first of many built north from Cincinnati in Native American territory. . . .
Fort Harmar: The United States Army built Fort Harmar after the American Revolution. In 1784, the Congress created by the Articles of Confederation dispatched Colonel Josiah Harmar to the Ohio frontier to discourage illegal settlers or "squatters" from moving into Ohio. . . .
Fort Hill: Fort Hill is one of the best-preserved examples in Ohio of a monumental hilltop enclosure. Prehistoric Native American people constructed it. A wall made of earth and stone winds around this prominent hilltop for more than one and a half miles. . . .
Fort Jefferson: In October 1791, General Arthur St. Clair ordered the construction of a fort roughly six miles south of modern-day Greenville, Ohio. He intended to use the site as a supply depot for his campaign against the Miami Indians. . . .
Fort Laurens: Fort Laurens was constructed in the Ohio Country in 1778. During the American Revolution, most Native Americans residing in the Ohio Country allied themselves with the British. . . .
Fort Loramie: In 1794, General Anthony Wayne ordered the construction of Fort Loramie. It was located at the portage between St. Mary's River and modern-day Loramie's Creek. . . .
Fort Meigs: Fort Meigs, built during the War of 1812, was a strategic fortification along the banks of the Maumee River in present day Perrysburg, Ohio. . . .
Fort Miamis: British soldiers constructed Fort Miamis in 1794. British authorities feared that Anthony Wayne and his army planned to march against Fort Detroit, a major stronghold. . . .
Fort Necessity: Fort Necessity was a small stockade in western Pennsylvania built by Virginia Militia led by George Washington in 1754. . . .
Fort Pitt: Fort Pitt was a British and American fort in western Pennsylvania in the years after the French and Indian War (1756-1763). It had previously been called Fort Duquesne and was also briefly known as Fort Dunmore. . . .
Fort Recovery: In December 1793, General Anthony Wayne ordered one United States artillery unit and eight infantry companies to the site of St. Clair's Defeat. The soldiers were to construct a fort on the former battlefield. Wayne intended to use this fort as a staging area for his assault against Ohio natives in the spring of 1794. He named the stockade Fort Recovery. . . .
Fort Sandusky: Fort Sandusky was a fort built and used by British troops in the Ohio Country during Pontiac's Rebellion and the French and Indian War. . . .
Fort Stephenson: Not long after the War of 1812 began, George Croghan became commander of Fort Stephenson. Located on the Sandusky River, the fort was important to Ohio's defense against the British. . . .
Fort Steuben: In 1786, the United States government built Fort Steuben within the area known as the Seven Ranges in what is now southeastern Ohio. The federal government had arranged for a survey of this area in order to prepare for the settlement of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Fort Washington: In 1789, Fort Washington was built to protect early settlements located in the Symmes Purchase in the Miami Valley of what is now southwestern Ohio. The fort was located in modern-day Cincinnati and protected settlers of that city in its early years. . . .
French and Indian War: The French and Indian War (1754 -1763) was one in a series of wars fought between England and France beginning in the late 1600s. . . .
French Era: During the French Era (c.1700-1763), the power of the Iroquois Indians declined and other tribes began to move into the Ohio Country. French traders began to build trading posts in the region and dominated the fur trade with the Native Americans. . . .
Frontier Women: Women faced many challenges on the Ohio frontier. The first white women arrived in the Ohio Country around the time of the American Revolution, as wives of missionaries and soldiers. . . .
Fur Trade: The fur trade in North America began with the earliest contacts between Native Americans and the Europeans. Within a few years of their arrival in the New World, French, English, and Dutch fur traders were competing with each other to form trading relationships with the Indians. . . .
Gelelemend: Killbuck was a tribal leader of the turtle clan of the Unami branch of the Delaware Indians. He became a chief when his grandfather, Newcomer, died in 1776. . . .
Girty, Simon: Simon Girty was a notable frontiersman in the Ohio Country in the years before, during, and following the American Revolution. . . .
Gist, Christopher: Christopher Gist was an explorer, surveyor and accomplished frontiersman. He was born about 1706 in Maryland to Richard and Zipporah Gist. Little is known of Gist's early years. . . .
Glacial Kame/Red Ocher Cultures: The Glacial Kame and Red Ocher cultures are names for the burial practices of certain Late Archaic groups. The Glacial Kame "culture" is found in northwestern Ohio and parts of neighboring states as well as southern Ontario. . . .
Gnadenhutten: In 1772, Moravian missionaries founded a mission for Native Americans in the Ohio Country at Schoenbrunn ("Beautiful Spring" in German). Because of its success, Rev. David Zeisberger founded a second village in the same year at Gnadenhutten ("Tents of Grace" in German). Life at Gnadenhutten was similar to life at Schoenbrunn. . . .
Gnadenhutten Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Gnadenhutten Massacre: On March 8 and 9, 1782, a group of Pennsylvania militiamen under the command of Captain David Williamson attacked the Moravian Church mission founded by David Zeisberger at Gnadenhutten. . . .
Great Circle Earthworks: The Great Circle is a large earthen enclosure that formed one part of the Newark Earthworks. The Newark site is the largest set of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. . . .
Great Hopewell Road: The "Great Hopewell Road" is a set of parallel earthen embankments approximately three feet in height and 200-feet apart that extended from an opening in the octagonal earthwork at the Newark Earthworks at least 10 miles to the southwest. . . .
Greenville, Ohio: Greenville is the county seat of Darke County. . . .
Hamilton County: Hamilton County, Ohio, was established on January 2, 1790.. It was the second county formed in the Northwest Territory. Residents named the county in honor of Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States and a founder of the Federalist Party. . . .
Hamilton, Henry: Henry Hamilton was the Lieutenant Governor of Canada and British commander of Fort Detroit during the American Revolution. . . .
Hand, Edward: Edward Hand was an American military and political leader in the American Revolution and the early years of the new nation. . . .
Hardin, John: John Hardin was a soldier in the American Revolution and in the early years of the new nation. He was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1753. . . .
Harmar's Defeat: In 1790, Josiah Harmar, commander of the American army in the Northwest Territory, was stationed at Fort Washington (present-day Cincinnati). . . .
Harmar, Josiah: Josiah Harmar was born on November 10, 1753, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although he attended a Quaker school, he did not share the religious beliefs of the Society of Friends. . . .
Harrison, Benjamin: President Benjamin Harrison was born on August 20, 1833, in North Bend, Ohio. His great-grandfather was John Cleves Symmes, and his grandfather was President William Henry Harrison. . . .
Harrison, William H.: William Henry Harrison was an American political and military leader and the ninth President of the United States. . . .
Harvey, Elizabeth B.: Elizabeth Burgess Harvey was a Quaker and an abolitionist in Warren County, Ohio during the 1830s and 1840s. Along with her husband, Jesse Harvey, Elizabeth was also responsible for founding the community of Harveysburg, Ohio. . . .
Harvey, Jesse: Jesse Harvey was an abolitionist in Warren County, Ohio during the 1830s and 1840s. He was responsible for founding the community of Harveysburg, Ohio. . . .
Harveysburg Free Black School: Established in 1831 in Harveysburg, the Harveysburg Free Black School was the first free school for African-American children in Ohio. . . .
Hazen, William B.: William Hazen a military leader in the Army of the United States in the American Civil War and after. He was born on September 27, 1830, at West Hartford, Vermont. . . .
Heckewelder, John G.: John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder was a Moravian Missionary in the Ohio Country in the American Revolution and the early years of the new nation. . . .
High Bank Earthworks: The High Bank Earthworks consist of a large circular embankment connected to an octagonal enclosure located along the Scioto River southeast of Chillicothe, Ohio. The circle is 1,050 feet in diameter and encloses 20 acres. . . .
Highbanks Park Earthworks: The Highbanks Park Earthworks consist of a C-shaped embankment that encloses a tall bluff overlooking the Olentangy River in Delaware County, Ohio. . . .
Historic Period: Prehistory ended in what is today Ohio when French explorers and map makers began to obtain the first vague reports regarding the lands lying south of the southernmost of the Great Lakes that eventually became known as Lake Erie. . . .
Hocking County: On January 3, 1818, the State of Ohio authorized the creation of Hocking County. Residents took the county's name from the Indian word "Hockhocking," which means bottle. The Hocking River, which flows through Hocking County, resembles the shape of a bottle. . . .
Hokolesqua: Cornstalk was a leader of the Shawnee Indians. He was born about 1720. His Indian name was variously pronounced as Hokolesqua, Colesqua and Keigh-tugh-qua and was freely translated to mean "blade of corn". . . .
Hopeton Earthworks: The Hopeton Earthworks site is a large Hopewell culture (100 BC -- AD 500) ceremonial center located along the Scioto River in Ross County. It includes a large circular enclosure, 1,050 feet in diameter, attached to a square about 900 feet across. . . .
Hopewell Culture: The Hopewell culture grew out of the earlier Adena culture of prehistoric Native American people. The mounds and enclosures built by the Hopewell were larger and more varied in design, but Hopewell farming villages still were small and scattered around the great ceremonial centers. . . .
Hopewell Mound Group: The Hopewell Mound Group is a large Hopewell culture (100 BC-AD 500) ceremonial center located along the North Fork of Paint Creek in Ross County. . . .
Hopewell Shaman: The Hopewell Shaman of Newark, also known as the Wray figurine, is a small stone sculpture representing a shaman, or spiritual leader, of the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to A.D. 500). . . .
Hull, William: William Hull was a military and political leader in the Midwest in the years after the American Revolution. He was born in 1753 in Massachusetts. . . .
Huron County: On February 7, 1809, the State of Ohio authorized the creation of Huron County. Residents named the county after the Huron Indians. The county was originally a portion of the Connecticut Western Reserve and was also part of the Fire Lands. . . .
Hutchins, Thomas: Thomas Hutchins was an American surveyor, mapmaker and the first "geographer of the United States." . . .
Indian Land Grants: The Indian Land Grants were a type of land division in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Inscription Rock: Inscription Rock is located in Erie County on Kelleys Island. It is one of Ohio's most famous rock art sites. Ancient Indians engraved more than one hundred designs onto a huge limestone boulder on the south shore of the island. . . .
Iroquois Era: The Iroquois Era was the time period when the Iroquois Indians claimed the land now known as Ohio. During the Beaver Wars, (1650-1700 A.D.) the Iroquois drove out most of the descendants of Ohio's prehistoric Indian cultures. . . .
Iroquois Indians: The Iroquois Indians originally lived along the Genesee River, the Mohawk River, and in the Finger Lakes region south of Lake Ontario in New York State. Around 1600, five tribes, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, banded together to form a confederacy. . . .
Isaac Zane Tract: Isaac Zane received three square miles of Congress Lands from the federal government for his contributions during the various Indian conflicts that occurred in the Northwest Territory during the early 1790s. . . .
Island Creek Mound: Island Creek Mound is a publicly-accessible Indian mound near Manchester, Ohio. The mound is located along the Ohio River. . . .
Jackson, Andrew: Andrew Jackson was an American military and political leader and the seventh President of the United States. He was born on March 15, 1767, at Waxhaw, South Carolina. . . .
Jemison, Mary: Mary Jemison was a British woman that was taken captive by the French and the Shawnee during the French and Indian War. She spent the remainder of her life living as an Indian. . . .
Jesuit Relations: During the early 1600s, Jesuit missionaries arrived in New France (modern-day eastern North America) to convert Indians to the Roman Catholic faith. . . .
Jesuits: The Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, is a significant religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. At the start of the twenty-first century, there were approximately twenty thousand Jesuits. . . .
Johnson, Richard M.: Richard Mentor Johnson was a military and political figure in the American Midwest in the early years of the new nation. He was born in Kentucky on October 17, 1781. . . .
Johnston, John: John Johnston (also spelled Johnson) was an Indian Agent in Ohio in the early years of the new state. He was born in 1775 in Ireland. While he was a young child, his family moved to Pennsylvania. . . .
Kansas-Nebraska Act: The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854 by the United States Congress to deal with the opening of the central Midwest to continuing American settlement. . . .
Kaskaskia Indians: The Kaskaskia Indians lived mainly in Illinois and eastern Missouri when Europeans began to settle in North America. They were closely related to the Miami Indians. . . .
Kenton, Simon: Simon Kenton was a legendary frontiersman in Ohio and the Midwest. . . .
King George's War: From 1744 until 1748, England and France were engaged in King George's War. This was the American phase of the larger War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748. . . .
Kirker, Thomas: Thomas Kirker was an early governor of Ohio and political leader. . . .
Konieschquanoheel: Captain Pipe was an hereditary chief of the Munsee-Delaware Indians during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Koquethagechton: White Eyes was a leader of the Delaware Indians. His Indian name was Koquethagechton. Due to his fair coloring, he was known to the settlers and frontiersmen as White Eyes. . . .
La Demoiselle: La Demoiselle, also called "Old Briton" by the British, was a leader of the Miami Indians at Pickawillany during the mid-1700s. . . .
Lake Erie: Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes and currently serves as part of Ohio's northern boundary. During the 1700s and 1800s, Lake Erie provided a quick means of transportation for men engaged in the fur trade as well as settlers hoping to improve their fortunes in the Ohio Country. . . .
Late Archaic Culture: By the Late Archaic period there were larger numbers of people living in larger social groups in the Ohio country. Many of these people adopted a more sedentary lifestyle settling down in villages for much of the year. . . .
Late Prehistoric Period: The Late Prehistoric Period refers to the time immediately before the movement of Europeans into the Ohio country. . . .
Late Woodland Cultures: The Late Woodland Period, though often regarded simply as the time between the decline of the remarkable Hopewell culture and the rise of the Late Prehistoric cultures, actually is a fascinating period that witnessed dramatic cultural changes. . . .
Leo Petroglyph: Leo Petroglyph is located in Jackson County near Leo, Ohio. It is actually a series of petroglyphs, or rock carvings, ancient Indians chiseled into an outcropping of sandstone in southeastern Ohio. . . .
Lichtenau: In 1776, missionaries of the Moravian Church founded the settlement of Lichtenau. The purpose of the village was to convert the Delaware Indians of Ohio to Christianity. This was the third Moravian village built in the 1770s in the Ohio Country. . . .
Licking County: On January 30, 1808, the State of Ohio authorized the creation of Licking County. Residents named the county after the Licking River, which flows through the region. . . .
Lingo, Walter: Walter Lingo was a resident of La Rue, Ohio. During the 1920s, he owned the Oorang Dog Kennels and sponsored the Oorang Indians professional football team. . . .
Lochry, Archibald: Archibald Lochry was a Pennsylvania militia leader in the American Revolution. . . .
Logan: The American Indian leader who came to be called Logan was born in Pennsylvania circa 1725. His father was a Cayuga Indian named Shikellamy. . . .
Logan's Lament: Logan was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. . . .
Logan, Benjamin: Benjamin Logan was a military and political leader in the Ohio Country during the American Revolution and in the early years of the new nation. . . .
Logan, James: James Logan was a public servant and political leader in colonial Pennsylvania. He was born in Ireland in 1674. Logan was descended from Scottish royalty, and his parents made certain that their son was well educated. . . .
Logstown: Logstown was an Indian town located roughly eighteen miles south of the Ohio River's headwaters, at modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. . . .
Loramie's Store: In 1769, Pierre Loramie came to the Ohio Country as one of its earliest European settlers. Formally a citizen of France who lived in Canada, Loramie became an English citizen with the Treaty of Paris (1763). The English defeated the French in the French and Indian War. . . .
Lord Dunmore's War: Lord Dunmore's War was a confrontation between colonial Virginia and the Native Americans of the Ohio Country in 1774, and it was also a prelude to the American Revolution, which began the following year. . . .
Lower Sandusky: Lower Sandusky, now known as Fremont, is a community in Sandusky County, Ohio. It had its beginnings as a village of the Iroquois-speaking Wyandot Indians. . . .
Lower Shawnee Town: About 1738 the Shawnee Indians built a town at the mouth of the Scioto River which they called Lower Shawnee Town, one of the earliest Shawnee settlements in Ohio. . . .
Madison, James: James Madison was the fourth President of the United States. . . .
Maize: Maize is another name for corn, a cereal grain. Originally, maize was a wild plant, but Indians in Central America eventually domesticated it and improved on the wild variety. . . .
Manifest Destiny: In 1845, John L. O'Sullivan, a newspaper reporter in New York City, coined the phrase "manifest destiny." O'Sullivan claimed that it was the God-given destiny of the United States of America to spread over North America. . . .
Marietta Earthworks: The Marietta Earthworks site is a large Hopewell culture (100 BC – AD 500) ceremonial center located at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers in Washington County. Originally, it included a large square enclosure surrounding four flat-topped pyramidal mounds, another smaller square, and a circular enclosure with a large burial mound at its center. . . .
Mary Campbell Cave: American Indians formerly used Old Maid's Kitchen, which also is known as Mary Campbell Cave, for shelter and to house white captives. . . .
Maumee Road Lands: In 1823, the United States Congress gave the State of Ohio approximately sixty thousand acres of Congress Lands. This grant became known as the Maumee Road Lands. . . .
McArthur, Duncan: Duncan McArthur, Ohio's eleventh governor, was born in New York on January 14, 1772. . . .
McCook, Alexander: Alexander McCook was born on April 22, 1831, in Columbiana County, Ohio. The next year, he moved with his parents to Carroll County. In 1848, McCook received an appointment to West Point, graduating in 1842. McCook would spend the rest of his life in the United States Army. . . .
Me-sa-sa: Turkey Foot or Me-sa-sa was a chief of the Ottawa Indians. . . .
Medicine Men: American Indian men and women who acted as doctors or healers consisted of two groups. The first type was the shaman or medicine man (or woman), who, as mediators, sought cures through spiritual means. The second type included herbalists, who relied on more practical and traditional methods of treatment. . . .
Metal Arrowheads: While spear points and knives made of native copper were made and used by prehistoric Indians in the Great Lakes region during the Late Archaic period, iron and brass first came to the peoples of the Ohio country when Europeans arrived in eastern North America with metal kettles and knives to trade. . . .
Miami Indians: The Miami Indians originally lived in Indiana, Illinois, and southern Michigan at the time of European arrival. The Miamis moved into the Maumee Valley around 1700, and they soon became one of the most powerful Indian tribes in Ohio. . . .
Miamisburg Mound: Miamisburg Mound is one of the two largest conical mounds in eastern North America. The other is West Virginia's Grave Creek Mound. It is a burial mound built by the people that archaeologists have called the Adena culture (800 B.C. to 100 A.D.). Adena was the name Governor Thomas Worthington called his estate in Chillicothe, Ohio. . . .
Michikinikwa: Little Turtle was a war chief of the Miami Indians. He was born circa 1752 twenty miles northwest of modern-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. His Native American name was Michikinikwa. . . .
Mingo Indians: The Mingo Indians were a small group of Native Americans related to the Iroquois Indians. They are sometimes called the Ohio Seneca Indians. By 1750, the Mingos had left the Iroquois homeland in the state of New York and migrated to the Ohio Country. . . .
Monongahela Culture: The Monongahela culture is a Late Prehistoric group that occupied portions of far eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. It is distinguished from other Late Prehistoric societies mainly by distinctive kinds of pottery. . . .
Moravian Church: The Unity of the Brethren Church, often referred to as the Moravian Church, was founded during the 1400s in Moravia in central Europe. Several principles guided the members' beliefs. . . .
Moravian Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Mound City Group: The Mound City Group is a large Hopewell culture (100 BC -- AD 500) ceremonial center located along the Scioto River in Ross County. It consists of 24 burial mounds framed by a large earthen enclosure shaped like a square with rounded corners. . . .
Munsee Indians: The Munsee Indians were part of the Delaware Indians, although they lived separately from the Delaware nation for most of their existence. . . .
National Road: The National Road was one of the first paved (compacted gravel) roads to cross the Appalachian Mountains. . . .
Neolin: During the early 1760s, Neolin, a spiritual leader of the Delaware Indians, gained favor among many native societies in the Ohio Country. Dismayed by the Indians' reliance on English and French manufactured goods, Neolin called for the natives to adopt more traditional Indian practices. . . .
Netawatwees: Newcomer was born around 1686. His Indian name was Netawatwees. He eventually became the leader of the Turtle Clan of the Delaware Indians in the Ohio Country. . . .
Newark Earthworks: The Newark Earthworks were the largest set of geometric earthworks ever built in Ohio. They were constructed by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. . . .
Newcomerstown, Ohio: Newcomerstown began as a small village east of modern-day Coshocton. In 1750, Christopher Gist reported that a small number of English colonists nearby. . . .
Niles-Wolford Mound: The Niles-Wolford Mound was a conical burial mound located in Pickaway County, Ohio. Raymond Baby excavated the mound in 1955. . . .
North and East of the First Principal Meridian District: The South and East of the First Principal Meridian District and the North and East of the First Principal Meridian District were two land divisions in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Northwest Territory: On July 13, 1787, the Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance. The act created the Northwest Territory. It also established a form of government and specified how the various parts of the Northwest Territory could become states. . . .
Octagon Earthworks: The Octagon Earthworks consist of a circular earthen enclosure connected to an octagonal enclosure by a short segment of parallel walls. The Octagon Earthworks formed one part of the Newark Earthworks, the largest set of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. . . .
Ohio: Ohio is the seventeenth state within the United States of America. . . .
Ohio Company: In 1748, several wealthy Virginians, including George Washington, established the Ohio Company. The investors hoped to secure lands west of the Appalachian Mountains from the English government. . . .
Ohio Company of Associates: In 1786, a group of men in Massachusetts, including General Rufus Putnam and Brigadier General Benjamin Tupper, founded the Ohio Company of Associates, a real estate company. . . .
Ohio Country: The Ohio Country was the name given to the territory roughly west of the Appalachian Mountains and north of the Ohio River prior to the American Revolution. . . .
Ohio Defense Corps: The Ohio Defense Corps had its roots in the Ohio Militia, which was formed in 1803. . . .
Ohio Indian Wars: The Ohio Indian Wars were a series of struggles between white settlers from the newly independent United States and Native American residents of the Ohio Country in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Ohio River: The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It ends approximately 900 miles downstream at Cairo, Illinois, where it flows into the Mississippi River. . . .
Ohio's Early Historic Periods Timeline: A timeline of Ohio's Major Historic Periods. . . .
Ohio's Prehistoric Timeline: People have lived in the land we now call Ohio for more than 12,000 years! This timeline is an outline of the story of Ohio's past, from 13,000 B.C. until 1843, as related by archaeologists and historians. . . .
Ohio's State Gemstone - Flint: In 1965, the Ohio General Assembly adopted flint as Ohio's official gemstone. Large quantities of this gem exist especially in the eastern and central parts of the state. . . .
Ohio's State Prehistoric Monument: On June 7, 2006, Governor Bob Taft formally declared the Newark Earthworks to be Ohio's prehistoric monument. The designation of the Newark Earthworks as Ohio's state prehistoric monument honors the ancient American Indian builders of this site. It also honors the early residents of Newark who found ways to include the earthworks in their own new settlement without destroying them completely. . . .
Ohio's State Seal: The State of Ohio has had an official seal for more than 200 years. Over that time, the state government has modified the seal several times. . . .
Ojibwa Indians: The Ojibwa Indians, also known as the Chippewa Indians, lived mainly in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Ontario, Canada at the time of European contact. They were part of the Algonquian Indians. . . .
Old Maid's Kitchen: American Indians formerly used Old Maid's Kitchen, which also is known as Mary Campbell Cave, for shelter and to house white captives. . . .
Old Man's Cave: Old Man's Cave is part of the Hocking Hills State Park near Logan, Ohio. The cave is one of Ohio's most popular natural history attractions. . . .
Oorang Indians: The Oorang Indians was a professional football team in La Rue, Ohio. The team played in the National Football League. Every member of the Indians actually was of Native American heritage. . . .
Ordinance of 1784: The Ordinance of 1784 was an early effort by the government of the newly formed United States to deal with the territory north and west of the Ohio River. . . .
Ottawa Indians: The Ottawa Indians originally lived along the Ottawa River in eastern Ontario and western Quebec at the time of European arrival in the early 1600s. They moved into northern Ohio around 1740. . . .
Ottawa, Ohio: Ottawa is the county seat of Putnam County, Ohio. . . .
Paleoindian Period: Paleoindians were the hunting and gathering peoples who originally discovered the Americas. They lived in Ohio in the last centuries of the Ice Age. . . .
Parsons, Samuel H.: Samuel Holden Parsons was an American political and military leader in the years following the American Revolution. He was one of the first settlers in the Northwest Territory and one of its most prominent early leaders. . . .
Perkins, Simon: Simon Perkins was an early settler of the Western Reserve of Connecticut in what would become northeast Ohio. Over a long and active life he would become involved in many of the most important economic and political events of his time. . . .
Piankashaw Indians: The Piankashaw Indians were members of the Miami Indians, although they lived apart from the Miami nation. . . .
Pickawillany: The Miami Indians settled the town of Pickawillany in 1747. The village was located on the Great Miami River in western Ohio, near modern-day City of Piqua, Ohio. . . .
Piketon Mounds: The Piketon Mounds are a grouping of four conical burial mounds preserved in Mound Cemetery in Piketon, Ohio. . . .
Plano Culture: The Plano culture of prehistoric Native American people followed the Clovis culture from around 8,000 to 7,000 B.C. Following the extinction of Ice Age big game animals, the Paleoindians had to change their way of life. . . .
Pollock Works: The Pollock Works site is a Hopewell culture (100 BC - AD 500) ceremonial center located in Greene County. It consists of a series of earthen embankments ranging from three to ten feet in height that partially enclose a large, 120-acre, plateau located along Massie Creek. . . .
Pontiac: Pontiac was born circa 1720. His father was an Ottawa Indian, and his mother was a Chippewa. His family raised Pontiac as an Ottawa, although he had numerous friends among his mother's people. . . .
Pontiac's Rebellion: Pontiac's Rebellion was an Indian uprising that occurred immediately following the French and Indian War. . . .
Portage Path: Portage Path was an important American Indian transportation route in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. . . .
Portsmouth Earthworks: The Portsmouth Earthworks were constructed by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. It is a large ceremonial center located at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio rivers. Much of the site is now encompassed by the city of Portsmouth in Scioto County, Ohio. . . .
Potawatomi Indians: The Potawatomi Indians lived mainly in Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Ontario, Canada at the time of European contact in the early 1600s. They were part of the Algonquian Indians. . . .
Pre-Clovis Culture: Exactly when the first people discovered America is one of the most hotly debated subjects in American archaeology. There is increasing evidence that people arrived in the New World before the Clovis culture (9,500 to 8,000 B.C.). . . .
Proclamation of 1763: The Proclamation of 1763 forbade English colonists to live west of the Appalachian Mountains. . . .
Procter, Henry: Henry Procter was a British military leader in and around the Great Lakes during the War of 1812. . . .
Putnam, Israel: Israel Putnam was a political and military leader during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Rock House: Rock House is part of the Hocking Hills State Park near Logan, Ohio. The cave is one of Ohio's most popular natural history attractions. . . .
Salem Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Sandusky Culture: The Sandusky culture is a Late Prehistoric group that occupied portions of northwestern Ohio. It is distinguished from other Late Prehistoric societies mainly by distinctive kinds of pottery. . . .
Sargent, Winthrop: Winthrop Sargent was the first Secretary of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Sauk Indians: The Sauk Indians lived in Michigan and Wisconsin. The Sauks were part of the Algonquian Indians. . . .
Schoenbrunn: In 1772, David Zeisberger, a missionary of the Moravian Church, established the village of Schoenbrunn on the Tuscarawas River, near present-day New Philadelphia. The word Schoenbrunn means "beautiful spring" in German. The purpose of this community was to provide Moravian missionaries a place to teach Christianity to Native Americans residing in Ohio. . . .
Schoenbrunn Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Seip Mound and Earthworks: Seip Mound is one of the largest earthen mounds built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. - 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. . . .
Seneca Indians: The Seneca Indian people living in Ohio during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were related to the Seneca Indian tribe of New York. The Seneca in New York were one of the most powerful members of the Iroquois confederacy. . . .
Serpent Mound: Serpent Mound is a spectacular effigy earthwork of a serpent uncoiling along a prominent ridgetop in northern Adams County, Ohio. From the tip of its nose to the end of its tail, the effigy is 1,348 feet long. When it was originally described, in 1848, the body of the serpent was five feet high and 30 feet wide. . . .
Shannopin's Town: Shannopin's Town was a Delaware Indian village. It was located near the site of modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. . . .
Shawnee Indians: The Shawnee Indians were living in the Ohio Valley as early as the late 1600s. The Iroquois Indians were unwilling to share these rich hunting grounds and drove the Shawnees away. . . .
Sheridan, Philip H.: Philip Sheridan was major figure in the military history of the United States in the latter half of the nineteenth century. . . .
Shrum Mound: Shrum Mound, sometimes referred to as Campbell Mound, is a conical burial mound built by the people known to archaeologists as the Adena Culture (800 B.C. to 100 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. . . .
Siege of Fort Recovery: In 1792, President George Washington appointed Anthony Wayne as the commander of the United States Army of the Northwest, currently serving in the Northwest Territory. The major purpose of this army was to defend American settlers from Indian attack. . . .
Sieges of Fort Meigs: General William Henry Harrison ordered his men to build Fort Meigs on the southern bank of the Maumee River in February 1813. This fort was to serve as a supply depot and a staging area for the invasion of Canada during the War of 1812. . . .
Smith, James: James Smith was a frontiersman and early settler of the Ohio River Valley in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Society of Jesus: The Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, is a significant religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. At the start of the twenty-first century, there were approximately twenty thousand Jesuits. . . .
South and East of the First Principal Meridian District: The South and East of the First Principal Meridian District and the North and East of the First Principal Meridian District were two land divisions in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Spruce Hill Works: Spruce Hill Works is a monumental hilltop enclosure, similar to Fort Ancient and Fort Hill. It is unique, however, in that the enclosure wall is built entirely of stones. The people known to archaeologists as the Hopewell culture built the stone wall nearly 2,000 years ago. . . .
Squaw Campaign: In 1778, General Edward Hand, the American military commander at Fort Pitt, decided to punish the Mingo Indians in the Ohio Country for siding with the British. . . .
Squier, Ephraim: Ephraim Squier was a newspaper editor and amateur archaeologist in Ohio in the mid-nineteenth century. Squier was born in 1821. He worked in both New York and Connecticut as a newspaper reporter before settling in Ohio in the mid 1840s. . . .
St. Clair's Defeat: St. Clair's Defeat was a major confrontation between the armed forces of the United States and the Native Americans of the Northwest Territory. It was the worst defeat of the United States Army at the hands of Native Americans. . . .
St. Clair, Arthur: Arthur St. Clair was a political and military leader in the Ohio country in the years of the American Revolution and the new nation. He was the first governor of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Stanley, David S.: David S. Stanley was a military leader in the Army of the United States for much of the last half of the nineteenth century. . . .
Story Mound: Story Mound is a large, conical burial mound built by the Adena Culture (800 B.C. to 100 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people. Originally, it was 25 feet tall and 125 feet in diameter. It is similar in size to the Adena Mound and it is located in Ross County, Ohio about one mile southeast of the Adena State Memorial. . . .
Stubbs Earthworks: The Stubbs Earthworks site is a large Hopewell culture (100 BC - AD 500) ceremonial center located in Warren County. It included a large earthwork enclosure incorporating circular and rectangular elements and a smaller circular enclosure. . . .
Suggested Prehistory Reading: A list of suggested readings about prehistory. . . .
Sullivan, Charles: Charles Sullivan was an important Ohio artist during the nineteenth century. . . .
Tarhe: Tarhe was born near present-day Detroit, Michigan, in 1742. He was a Wyandot Indian and eventually became one of the leaders of his people. Tarhe was also known by the nickname "The Crane." Some accounts state that this name is in reference to his tall, slender build. . . .
Tarlton Cross Mound: The Tarlton Cross Mound is a symbolic earthwork located near Tarlton in Fairfield County, Ohio. It is owned by the Fairfield County Historical Parks Commission. . . .
Tecumseh: Tecumseh was born in 1768, probably at Old Piqua, along the Mad River in Ohio. He was a Shawnee Indian and eventually became one of their greatest leaders. their greatest chiefs. . . .
Tecumseh's Confederation: During the early 1800s, Tecumseh, a leader of the Shawnee Indians, attempted to unite Native American tribes west of the Appalachian Mountains into a confederation. . . .
Tenskwatawa: Tenskwatawa (also known as The Prophet ), a member of the Shawnee Indians, was born in 1775. . . .
Thayendanegea: Joseph Brant was a prominent leader of the Mohawk Indians in the American Revolution and the years shortly thereafter. . . .
Thorpe, Jim: Legendary football player and coach James Frances "Jim" Thorpe was born near Prague, Oklahoma, on May 28, 1888. His parents were Hiram and Charlotte Thorpe. . . .
Treaty of Fort Finney (1786): In 1785, the Confederation Congress dispatched Richard Butler and Samuel Holden Parsons to negotiate a treaty with the Shawnee Indians. . . .
Treaty of Fort Finney (1786) (Transcript): Articles of a Treaty concluded at the Mouth of the Great Miami, on the North-western Bank of the Ohio, the thirty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred arid eighty-six, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one Part, and the Chiefs and Warriors of the Shawnoe Nation, of the other Part. . . .
Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789): During the late 1780s, the Northwest Territory was a violent place as American settlers moved onto land that Native Americans claimed as their own. . . .
Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789) (Transcript): Articles of a Treaty Made at Fort Harmar, between Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and Commissioner Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, for removing all Causes of Controversy, regulating Trade, and settling Boundaries, with the India Nations in the Northern Department, . . .
Treaty of Fort Industry (1805): The Treaty of Fort Industry was signed on July 4, 1805. In this treaty the Wyandot Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Munsee Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, and the Shawnee Indians relinquished one-half million acres of land south of Lake Erie and west of the Cuyahoga River in northeastern Ohio. . . .
Treaty of Fort Industry (1805) (Transcript): A treaty between the United States of America, and the sachems, chiefs, and warriers of the Wyandot, Ottawa, Chipawa, Munsee and Delaware, Shawanee, and Pottawatima nations, holden at Fort Industry, on the Miami of the lake, on the fourth day of July, Anno Domini, one thousand eight hundred and five. . . .
Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785): In 1785, the Confederation Congress sent George Rogers Clark, Arthur Lee, and Richard Butler to the Ohio Country to negotiate a treaty with the Delaware Indians, the Wyandot Indians, the Ottawa Indians, and the Chippewa Indians. The treaty negotiations took place at Fort McIntosh. . . .
Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty concluded at Fort M'Intosh, the twenty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippawa, and Ottawa Nations of the other. . . .
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768): In 1768, the Iroquois Indians and the English signed a treaty at Fort Stanwix. . . .
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784): In 1784, the government of the newly independent United States entered into a treaty with the Six Nations of the Iroquois. . . .
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) (Transcript): Articles concluded at Fort Stanwix, or the twenty-second day of October, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four, between Oliver Wolcott, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, Commissioners Plenipotentiary from the United States, in Congress assembled, on the one Part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Six Nations, on the other. . . .
Treaty of Greeneville (1795): On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. . . .
Treaty of Greeneville (1795) (Transcript): A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias. . . .
Treaty of Lewistown (1829): On August 3, 1829, members of the Shawnee Indians and the Seneca Indians signed the Treaty of Lewistown with the United States. . . .
Treaty of Little Sandusky (1829): On August 3, 1829, Delaware Indians and representatives of the United States signed the Treaty of Little Sandusky. . . .
Treaty of Little Sandusky (1829) (Transcript): Articles of agreement made between John M’Elvain, thereto specially authorized by the President of the United States, and the band of Delaware Indians, upon the Sandusky River, in the State of Ohio, for the cession of a certain reservation of land in the said State. . . .
Treaty of Little Sandusky (1831): On February 28, 1831, Seneca Indians residing along the Sandusky and the Little Sandusky Rivers signed the Treaty of Little Sandusky with representatives of the United States . . .
Treaty of Little Sandusky (1831) (Transcript): Articles of agreement and convention, made and concluded at the City of Washington, on the twenty-eight day of February, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by and between James B. Gardiner, specially appointed Commissioner on the part of the United States, of the one part, and the undersigned, principal Chiefs and Warriors of the Seneca tribe of Indians, residing on the Sandusky river in the State of Ohio, on the part of said tribe, of the other part; for the cession of the lands now owned and occupied by the said tribe of Indians, lying on the waters of the Sandusky river, and situate within the territorial limits of the organized counties of Seneca and Sandusky, in said State of Ohio. . . .
Treaty of Maumee (1833): The Treaty of Maumee was signed on February 18, 1833. In this treaty, the Ottawa Indians living in Ohio gave up their claims to all of their lands located in the state. . . .
Treaty of Maumee (1833) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made at Maumee in the State of Ohio, on the eighteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, between George B. Porter, Commissioner on the part of the United States, of the one part; and the undersigned Chiefs and Head men of the Band of Ottawa Indians, residing on the Indian Reserves, on the Miami of Lake Erie, and in the vicinity thereof, representing the whole of said band, of the other part: . . .
Treaty of Miami (Maumee) Bay (1831): On August 30, 1831, representatives of the United States and the Ottawa Indians signed the Treaty of Miami (Maumee) Bay. . . .
Treaty of St. Mary's (1817): The Treaty of St. Mary's was signed on September 29, 1817. It was a supplement to the Treaty of the Maumee Rapids of 1817. . . .
Treaty of the Maumee Rapids (1817): Also known as the Treaty of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, the Treaty of the Maumee Rapids was signed on September 29, 1817. . . .
Treaty of the Maumee Rapids (1817) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made and concluded, at the foot of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, between Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur, commissioners of the United States, with full power and authority to hold conferences, and conclude and sign a treaty with all or any of the tribes or nations of Indians within the boundaries of the state of Ohio, of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States and the said nations of Indians on the one part; and the sachems, chiefs, and warriors, of the Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware, Shawanese, Potawatomees, Ottawas, and Chippeway, tribes of Indians. . . .
Treaty of Wapakoneta (1831): On August 8, 1831, four hundred Shawnee Indians agreed to relinquish their claims to land in western Ohio in the Treaty of Wapakoneta. . . .
Treaty of Wapakoneta (1831) (Transcript): Articles of agreement and convention, made and concluded at Wapaghkonnetta, in the county of Allen and State of Ohio on the 8th day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by and between James B. Gardiner specially appointed commissioner on the part of the United States and John McElvain, Indian Agent for the Wyandots, Senecas and Shawnees residing in the State of Ohio, on the one part, and the undersigned, principal Chiefs, Headmen and Warriors of the tribe of Shawnee Indians residing at Wapaghkonnetta and Hog Creek, within the territorial limits of the organized county of Allen, in the State of Ohio. . . .
Treaty with the Delawares (1778): In 1778, during the American Revolution, the Continental Congress sent representatives to negotiate a treaty with the Delaware Indians, who resided in the Ohio Country. . . .
Treaty with the Delawares (1778) (Transcript): Articles of agreement and confederation, made and entered into by Andrew and Thomas Lewis, Esquires, Commissioners for, and in Behalf of the United States of North-America of the one Part, and Capt. White Eyes, Capt. John Kill Buck, Junior, and Capt. Pipe, Deputies and Chief Men of the Delaware Nation of the other Part. . . .
Treaty with the Delawares (1818): On October 3, 1818, the Delaware Indians agreed to relinquish all claims that they had to land in Indiana. In exchange, the United States government agreed to provide the Delawares with land west of the Mississippi River. . . .
Treaty with the Delawares (1818) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States, and the Delaware nation of Indians. . . .
Treaty with the Miamis (1818): On October 6, 1818, the Miami Indians agreed to relinquish much of their land in Indiana and Ohio. . . .
Treaty with the Miamis (1818) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made and concluded, at St. Mary's, in the State of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, Commissioners of the United States, and the Miame nation of Indians. . . .
Treaty with the Potawatomis (1818): On October 2, 1818, the Potawatomi Indians agreed to relinquish much of their land in Indiana. In exchange, the United States government agreed to pay the Potawatomi Indians a yearly annuity consisting of 2,500 dollars. . . .
Treaty with the Potawatomis (1818) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States and the Potawatamie nation of Indians. . . .
Treaty with the Senecas and Shawnees (1832): The Treaty with the Senecas and the Shawnees (1832) modified an earlier treaty made in 1831 by the United States with the Seneca and Shawnee Indians. . . .
Treaty with the Senecas and Shawnees (1832) (Transcript): Articles of agreement, made and concluded at the Seneca agency, on the head waters of the Cowskin river, this 29th day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, by and between Henry. L. Ellsworth and John F. Schermerhorn, Commissioners, on behalf of the United States, and the Chiefs and Headmen of the "United Nation" of the Senecas and Shawnee Indians, on behalf of said Tribe or Nation. . . .
Treaty with the Senecas, Shawnees and Wyandots (1831): On July 20, 1831, the Seneca Indians and the Shawnee Indians agreed to relinquish their claims to land in western Ohio. In exchange, the United States government agreed to provide the tribes with sixty thousand acres of land west of the Mississippi River. . . .
Treaty with the Senecas, Shawnees and Wyandots (1831) (Transcript): Articles of agreement and convention, made and concluded at Lewistown, in the county of Logan, and State of Ohio, on the twentieth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, by and between James B. Gardiner, specially appointed commissioner on the part of the United States, and John McElvain, Indian agent for the Wyandots, Senecas and Shawnees, on the one part, and the undersigned principal chiefs and warriors of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnee Indians residing at and around the said Lewistown, of the other part; for the cession of the lands now owned and occupied by said band, lying on the waters of the Great Miami river, and within the territorial limits of the organized county of Logan, in said State of Ohio. . . .
Treaty with the Six Nations (1789) (Fort Harmar): In 1789, representatives of the Tuscaroras, the Onondagas, the Oneidas, the Senecas, and the Cayugas met with Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, at Fort Harmar near present-day Marietta, Ohio. . . .
Treaty with the Six Nations (1789) (Ft. Harmar) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made at Fort Harmar, the ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, between Arthur St. Clair, esquire, Governor of the territory of the United States of America, northwest of the river Ohio, and Commissioner plenipotentiary of the said United States, for removing all causes of controversy, regulating trade, arid settling boundaries, between the Indian nations in the northerly department and the said United States, of the one part, and the sachems and warriors of the Six Nations, of the other part: . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots (1832): On January 19, 1832, a group of Wyandot Indians agreed to relinquish all claims to a reservation in Ohio. The reservation consisted of sixteen thousand acres of land. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots (1832) (Transcript): Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at McCutcheonsville, Crawford county, Ohio, on the nineteenth day of January, 1832, by and between James B. Gardiner, specially appointed commissioner on the part of the United States, and the Chiefs, Headmen and Warriors of the band of Wyandots, residing at the Big Spring in said county of Crawford, and owning a reservation of 16,000 acres at that place. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots (1836): On April 23, 1836, the Wyandot Indians agreed to relinquish all claims to three parcels of land in Crawford County, Ohio. Under this agreement, the United States government would sell the land and provide the Indians with all profits from the land sale. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots (1836) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made and concluded between John A. Bryan, commissioner on the part of the United States, and William Walker, John Barnett, and Peacock, chiefs and principal men of the Wyandot tribe of Indians in Ohio, acting for and on behalf of the said tribe. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots (1842) (Upper Sandusky): On March 17, 1842, the Wyandot Indians agreed to relinquish all claims to land in Ohio and Michigan. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots (1842) (Upper Sandusky) (Transcript): John Tyler, President of the United States of America, by John Johnston, formerly agent for Indian affairs, now a citizen of the State ofOhio, commissioner duly authorized and appointed to treat with the WyandottNation of Indians for a cession of all their lands lying and being in theStates of Ohio and Michigan; and the duly constituted chiefs, counsellors, andhead-men, of the said Wyandott Nation, in full council assembled, on the other part, have entered into the following articles and conditions, viz: . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miamis (1814): In 1814, William Henry Harrison and Lewis Cass negotiated a treaty with the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Seneca Indians, and the Miami Indians on the behalf of the United States government. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miamis (1814) (Transcript): A treaty of peace and friendship between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanoese, Senecas, and Miamies. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, Ottawas, Chippewas, Potawatomies, and Miamis (1815): Leaders from eight groups of Native Americans met in 1815 with William Henry Harrison, Duncan McArthur, and John Graham, who were representatives of the United States government. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, Ottawas, Chippewas, Potawatomies, and Miamis (1815) (Transcript): Sept. 8, 1815. A Treaty between the United States of America and the Wyandot, Delaware, Seneca, Shawanoe, Miami, Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatimie, Tribes of Indians, residing within the limits of the State of Ohio, and the Territories of Indiana and Michigan. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots, Shawnees, Senecas, and Ottawas (1818): On September 29, 1817, Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur, commissioners from the United States government, and representatives from the Wyandot Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Seneca Indians, and the Delaware Indians began negotiations to determine the location of Native American land in Ohio. . . .
Treaty with the Wyandots, Shawnees, Senecas, and Ottawas (1818) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made and concluded, at St. Mary’s, in the state of Ohio, between Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur, commissioners of the United States, with full power and authority to hold conferences, and conclude and sign a treaty or treaties, with all or any of the tribes or nations of Indians within the boundaries of the state of Ohio, of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States and the said nations of Indians, and the sachems, chiefs, and warriors, of the Wyandot, Seneca, Shawnese, and Ottawas, tribes of Indians; being supplementary to the treaty made and concluded with the said tribes, and the Delaware, Potawatamie, and Chippewa, tribes of Indians, at the foot of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, on the twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventeen. . . .
Tremper Mound and Earthworks: The Tremper Mound and Earthworks are located in Scioto County, Ohio about five miles north of Portsmouth on a plateau overlooking the Scioto River. The Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to 500 A.D.) of prehistoric Native American people built the Tremper Mound and many of the earthworks in the Portsmouth area. . . .
Trimble, Allen: Allen Trimble served as governor of Ohio during the first portion of the nineteenth century. . . .
Tupper, Benjamin: Benjamin Tupper was a prominent early settler of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Turner Earthworks: The Turner Earthworks site is a large Hopewell culture (100 BC-AD 500) ceremonial center formerly located along the Little Miami River in Hamilton County. . . .
Twelve-Mile Square Reservation: The Twelve-Mile Square Reservation was a land division in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Upper Sandusky, Ohio: Upper Sandusky had its beginnings as a village of the Wyandot Indians. . . .
Wapakoneta, Ohio: Wapakoneta is the county seat of Auglaize County. . . .
Wayne, Anthony: Anthony Wayne was an important American military leader during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Wea Indians: The Wea Indians were members of the Miami Indians, although they lived apart from the Miami nation. . . .
Wells, William: William Wells was one of the best known frontiersmen in the Ohio Country in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Western Reserve: The Connecticut Western Reserve (also known as the Western Reserve) was an area in the Northwest Territory held, sold and distributed by the State of Connecticut in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Wetzel, Lewis: Lewis Wetzel was a well-known and controversial frontiersman who lived in the Ohio Country in the years of the American Revolution and the early nation. . . .
Weyapiersenwah: Blue Jacket was a leader of the Shawnee Indians. The date of his birth is unknown, but it was probably in the early 1740s. His Native American name was Weyapiersenwah (also spelled Wehyehpiherhsehnwah). Historians know very little of his early years. . . .
Whittlesey Culture: The Whittlesey culture is a Late Prehistoric group that occupied portions of northeastern Ohio. It is distinguished from other Late Prehistoric societies mainly by distinctive kinds of pottery. Many Whittlesey communities were located on plateaus overlooking stream valleys or the shores of Lake Erie. . . .
Whittlesey, Charles: Charles Whittlesey was a prominent soldier, attorney and scholar in nineteenth century Ohio. . . .
Wickerham Inn: The Wickerham Inn is the oldest brick building in Adams County, Ohio and was one of the earliest taverns to exist in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Williamson, David: David Williamson was a militia officer and public official in the Ohio Country in the years of the American Revolution and the early nation. . . .
Winchester Works Mound: Winchester Works Mound is located in Adams County, Ohio near the community of Winchester. . . .
Woodland Animal Effigy Pipes: During the Woodland period, artisans crafted many ceremonial pipes into the shapes of various animals and sometimes people. . . .
Woodland Period: The Woodland Period generally marks the appearance of pottery, cultivated plants, settled village life and mound building. In addition, the pace of cultural change began to quicken. Archaeologists have defined several cultures within the Woodland Period. . . .
Worthington Earthworks: The Worthington Earthworks site is a Hopewell culture (100 BC-AD 500) ceremonial center located along a high bluff overlooking the Olentangy River in Franklin County. . . .
Wright Earthworks: The Wright Earthworks are remnants of the Newark Earthworks, the largest set of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell culture (100 B.C. to A.D. 500). . . .
Wyandot Indians: The Wyandot Indians originally lived in southern Ontario. They were also called Hurons. But they called themselves "wendat" which in time became "Wyandot" or "Wyandotte." . . .
Zeisberger, David: David Zeisberger was a Moravian missionary in the Ohio Country during the American Revolution and the early years of the new nation. . . .