Ohio History Central - Recent changes [en]

Ohio Veterans Home Cemetery

2013-05-23T20:00:17Z

Paw Paw

2013-05-23T20:00:15Z

Eastern Gateway Community College

2013-05-23T20:00:15Z

Wright Brothers

2013-05-23T20:00:14Z

William M. McCulloch

2013-05-23T20:00:13Z

McCulloch, William M.

2013-05-23T20:00:12Z

Redirected page to William M. McCulloch

Discoidals

2013-05-23T20:00:11Z

Battle of Point Pleasant

2013-05-23T20:00:10Z

Hopewell Mica Cutouts

2013-05-23T20:00:09Z

Atlatl

2013-05-23T20:00:08Z

Zanesfield, Ohio

2013-05-23T20:00:07Z

Amos Woodruff

2013-05-23T20:00:06Z

Robert Wilson

2013-05-23T20:00:05Z

Woodruff, Amos

2013-05-23T20:00:04Z

Redirected page to Amos Woodruff

Wilson, Robert

2013-05-23T20:00:04Z

Redirected page to Robert Wilson

Chagrin Mills, Ohio

2013-05-23T20:00:02Z

Chagrin, Ohio

2013-05-23T20:00:02Z

Charlton, Ohio

2013-05-23T20:00:00Z

Willoughby, Ohio

2013-05-23T20:00:00Z

West Liberty, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:58Z

Jefferson, Ohio (Madison County)

2013-05-23T19:59:57Z

John R. Tallentire

2013-05-23T19:59:56Z

West Jefferson, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:56Z

Tallentire, John R.

2013-05-23T19:59:55Z

Redirected page to John R. Tallentire

Charles Stewart

2013-05-23T19:59:54Z

Summerfield, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:53Z

Stewart, Charles

2013-05-23T19:59:53Z

Redirected page to Charles Stewart

South Charleston, Ohio Confrontation

2013-05-23T19:59:51Z

Middletown, Ohio (Perry County)

2013-05-23T19:59:51Z

Somerset, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:49Z

Adam Smith

2013-05-23T19:59:49Z

Smith, Adam

2013-05-23T19:59:48Z

Redirected page to Adam Smith

Sciotoville, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:48Z

Sciotoville Railroad Bridge

2013-05-23T19:59:47Z

Sarahsville, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:46Z

Alanson Pomeroy

2013-05-23T19:59:45Z

Putnam Greys

2013-05-23T19:59:44Z

Pomeroy, Alanson

2013-05-23T19:59:44Z

Redirected page to Alanson Pomeroy

Pleasant Valley (Madison County), Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:42Z

Westminster, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:42Z

Plain City, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:40Z

Eli Nichols

2013-05-23T19:59:40Z

Nichols, Eli

2013-05-23T19:59:39Z

Redirected page to Eli Nichols

New Hampton, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:38Z

Mount Sterling, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:37Z

Mentor, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:36Z

Madison, Ohio

2013-05-23T19:59:35Z

Alexander King

2013-05-23T19:59:34Z

Massey Hutton

2013-05-23T19:59:33Z

King, Alexander

2013-05-23T19:59:33Z

Redirected page to Alexander King

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>  </p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
-}}
 <p> </p>
 <p>The Ohio Veterans Home Cemetery is located in Perkins Township, Sandusky, Ohio in Erie County. It is also known as The Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Cemetery, and Soldiers' Home Cemetery.&nbsp; It has been located on the grounds of the Ohio Veterans Home since 1888, supporting the Ohio Veterans Home with the motto: <em>Serving those who served.</em> </p>
-<p>Currently, there are over 4,000 veterans buried at the cemetery. Two famous internments are listed in the records, both recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor. William Louis Carr served as a Corporal in the United States Marine Corps, receiving the China Relief Expedition Congressional Medal of Honor.&nbsp; His citation reads, “In action at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900.&nbsp; Throughout this action and in the presence of the enemy, Carr distinguished himself by his conduct.” &nbsp;James Jardine served as a First Lieutenant in the Union Army.&nbsp; He was awarded the Medal of Honor as a Sergeant in Company F, 53th Ohio Infantry for action on May 22, 1863 at Vicksburg, Mississippi.&nbsp; His citation reads, “Gallantry in the charge of the 'volunteer storming party.'”</p>
+<p>Currently, there are over 4,000 veterans buried at the cemetery. Two famous internments are listed in the records, both recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor. William Louis Carr served as a Corporal in the United States Marine Corps, receiving the China Relief Expedition Congressional Medal of Honor.&nbsp; His citation reads, â€œIn action at Peking, China, 21 July to 17 August 1900.&nbsp; Throughout this action and in the presence of the enemy, Carr distinguished himself by his conduct.â€� &nbsp;James Jardine served as a First Lieutenant in the Union Army.&nbsp; He was awarded the Medal of Honor as a Sergeant in Company F, 53th Ohio Infantry for action on May 22, 1863 at Vicksburg, Mississippi.&nbsp; His citation reads, â€œGallantry in the charge of the 'volunteer storming party.'â€�</p>
-<p>Veterans residing in the Ohio Veterans Home can request burial in the cemetery. Approximately 24 veterans are buried at the site each year. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs provides the markers for the cemetery.</p> &nbsp;
+<p>Veterans residing in the Ohio Veterans Home can request burial in the cemetery. Approximately 24 veterans are buried at the site each year. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs provides the markers for the cemetery.</p>  &nbsp;
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[Ohio]]
-*[[Ohio Veterans Home]]
+*[[Erie County]]
 *[[Sandusky, Ohio]]
 </div>
 [[Category:History Places]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>  </p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>The official native fruit of the State of Ohio is the paw paw fruit.&nbsp; It was adopted in January 2009.&nbsp; The scientific name is asimina triloba.&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>
-}}
+<p>The fruit is very unique in that they resemble a short, fat banana, 2 Â½ to 4 inches long.&nbsp; It is first green, then yellow, then brown in the fall and tastes like a banana. It has an avocado-like texture and has a few large seeds.&nbsp; The paw paw is nutritious, high in vitamin C, iron and a good source of potassium.&nbsp; The paw paw grows on a tree.&nbsp; The paw paw is the only edible fruit that is native to Ohio. Historians note that the paw paw has been around for 30,000 years. In the early 1500s, Indians were seen in the Ohio River Valley gathering paw paws and using them for trade.&nbsp; Mid-September is the peak season for the paw paw harvest. The Ohio Paw Paw Festival takes place annually in September in Athens County, Ohio. </p>  &nbsp;
-<p> </p>
+[[Category:State Symbols null]]
 <p>The official native fruit of the State of Ohio is the paw paw fruit.&nbsp; It was adopted in January 2009.&nbsp; The scientific name is asimina triloba.&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>
-<p>The fruit is very unique in that they resemble a short, fat banana, 2 &frac12; to 4 inches long.&nbsp; It is first green, then yellow, then brown in the fall and tastes like a banana. It has an avocado-like texture and has a few large seeds.&nbsp; The paw paw is nutritious, high in vitamin C, iron and a good source of potassium.&nbsp; The paw paw grows on a tree.&nbsp; The paw paw is the only edible fruit that is native to Ohio. Historians note that the paw paw has been around for 30,000 years. In the early 1500s, Indians were seen in the Ohio River Valley gathering paw paws and using them for trade.&nbsp; Mid-September is the peak season for the paw paw harvest. The Ohio Paw Paw Festival takes place annually in September in Athens County, Ohio. </p> &nbsp;
-==See Also==
-<div class="seeAlsoText">
-null</div>
 [[Category:State Symbols ]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>The Jefferson Community College was originally chartered as the Jefferson  County Technical Institute in September 1966. In 1977, it became known  as Jefferson Technical College; in 1995, it expanded beyond technical  education to offer two-year associate degrees that would transfer to  four-year higher education institutions. In October 2009, it expanded to  become the <span style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Eastern Gateway</span> Community College, and now serves students  from the four career and technical centers within the Mahoning Valley,  the original campus of the College, and the Valley Center at Forum  Health Northside Medical Center in Youngstown.</p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>The growth of the College in terms of full-time equivalent students  and degree production indicate steady progress: the number of full-time&nbsp;  equivalent (FTE) students has increased 8 percent from 2007 to 2009  (Ohio Board of Regents, 2010), while the number of associate degrees  awarded during the same time period increased 3.4 percent (Ohio Board of  Regents, 2010b). Research conducted by the Ohio Board of Regents  indicates that the College is one of the most efficient higher education  institutions in its class when it comes to helping students get an  associateâ€™s degree in 2 years or less: 26 percent of <span style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Eastern Gateway</span>  students obtain their degrees in 2 years or less. Of the 23 community  colleges in the University System of Ohio, only 1 has a better record  than <span style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Eastern  Gateway</span><strong> </strong>(Ohio Board of Regents, 2010c).</p>
-}}
-<p>The Jefferson Community College was originally chartered as the Jefferson County Technical Institute in September 1966. In 1977, it became known as Jefferson Technical College; in 1995, it expanded beyond technical education to offer two-year associate degrees that would transfer to four-year higher education institutions. In October 2009, it expanded to become the <span style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Eastern Gateway Community College, and now serves students from the four career and technical centers within the Mahoning Valley, the original campus of the College, and the Valley Center at Forum Health Northside Medical Center in Youngstown.</span></p>
-<p>The growth of the College in terms of full-time equivalent students and degree production indicate steady progress: the number of full-time&nbsp; equivalent (FTE) students has increased 8 percent from 2007 to 2009 (Ohio Board of Regents, 2010), while the number of associate degrees awarded during the same time period increased 3.4 percent (Ohio Board of Regents, 2010b). Research conducted by the Ohio Board of Regents indicates that the College is one of the most efficient higher education institutions in its class when it comes to helping students get an associate’s degree in 2 years or less: 26 percent of <span style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Eastern Gateway students obtain their degrees in 2 years or less. Of the 23 community colleges in the University System of Ohio, only 1 has a better record than <span style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">Eastern Gateway<strong> </strong>(Ohio Board of Regents, 2010c).</span></span></p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[Ohio]]
 *[[Ohio Board of Regents]]
 *[[Property Tax]]
 </div>
 [[Category:History Places]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 | image = [[File:Wright, Orville and Wilbur (LC).jpg]]
 | caption = Wilbur and Orville Wright with their second powered machine; Huffman Prairie, Dayton, Ohio
 }}
-<p>Wilbur Wright was born on April 16, 1867, in Millville, Indiana. Orville was born on August 19, 1871, in Dayton, Ohio. Their parents were Milton Wright and Susan Catherine Wright. The Wrights’ siblings included two older brothers, Reuchlin and Lorin, and a younger sister, Katharine. Milton Wright was a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ and editor of the church newspaper. </p>
+<p>Wilbur Wright was born on April 16, 1867, in Millville, Indiana.  Orville was born on August 19, 1871, in Dayton, Ohio. Their parents were  Milton Wright and Susan Catherine Wright. The Wrightsâ€™ siblings  included two older brothers, Reuchlin and Lorin, and a younger sister,  Katharine. Milton Wright was a bishop in the Church of the United  Brethren in Christ and editor of the church newspaper. </p>
-<p>Wilbur and Orville attended the local public schools in Dayton, but neither graduated from high school or attended college. Nevertheless, they grew up in an environment that encouraged creative and intellectual development. Their household included a large family library from which the brothers read extensively. While not necessarily well schooled, the brothers were well educated.</p>
+<p>Wilbur and Orville attended the local public schools in Dayton, but  neither graduated from high school or attended college. Nevertheless,  they grew up in an environment that encouraged creative and intellectual  development. Their household included a large family library from which  the brothers read extensively. While not necessarily well schooled, the  brothers were well educated.</p>
-<p>The Wright brothers were continually looking for new challenges. As young men, the two brothers went into business together. In 1889, they opened a print shop and published a local newspaper using a printing press they designed and built. In 1892, they opened their own bicycle shop. By 1896, they were manufacturing their own bicycles called Wright Flyers. It was their interest in flight, however, that led to their fame as adults and reshaped the world.</p>
+<p>The Wright  brothers were continually looking for new challenges. As young men,  the two brothers went into business together. In 1889, they opened a  print shop and published a local newspaper using a printing press they  designed and built. In 1892, they opened their own bicycle shop. By  1896, they were manufacturing their own bicycles called Wright Flyers.  It was their interest in flight, however, that led to their fame as  adults and reshaped the world.</p>
-<p>The Wright brothers’ interest in flight was inspired by the feats of gliders such as Otto Lilienthal, who died in a glider crash, but demonstrated that manned flight was possible. Reading everything available, the brothers began experimenting with wing designs for an airplane. Starting in 1900, they conducted numerous tests on the sand dunes at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Gradually, their experiments led them to envision a bi-plane that could be guided by warping the wings. Wing-warping enabled the pilot to control the plane by creating more or less lift on the wings on either side of the airplane. Their ingenious design created the breakthrough needed to achieve controlled, manned air flight.</p>
+<p>The Wright  brothersâ€™ interest in flight was inspired by the feats of gliders  such as Otto Lilienthal, who died in a glider crash, but demonstrated  that manned flight was possible. Reading everything available, the  brothers began experimenting with wing designs for an airplane. Starting  in 1900, they conducted numerous tests on the sand dunes at Kitty Hawk,  North Carolina. Gradually, their experiments led them to envision a  bi-plane that could be guided by warping the wings. Wing-warping enabled  the pilot to control the plane by creating more or less lift on the  wings on either side of the airplane. Their ingenious design created the  breakthrough needed to achieve controlled, manned air flight.</p>
-<p>The final ingredient necessary for sustained, manned air flight was a power source. The Wright brothers determined that a propeller driven by a gasoline engine could provide enough power to sustain flight. When they tried to purchase a lightweight engine that met their specifications they were unable to find one. So, typical of their nature, they built their own.</p>
+<p>The final ingredient necessary for sustained, manned air flight was a  power source. The Wright brothers determined that a propeller driven by a  gasoline engine could provide enough power to sustain flight. When they  tried to purchase a lightweight engine that met their specifications  they were unable to find one. So, typical of their nature, they built  their own.</p>
-<p>On December 14, 1903, the Wright brothers were ready to test the aircraft they had built. With Wilbur at the controls, the experiment failed and the plane sustained minor damage. &nbsp;After repairing the aircraft, they tried again on December 17. This time, with Orville piloting, the plane stayed in the air for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet. The length and duration of the flight were not much by today's standards, but the Wright brothers had demonstrated that sustained flight in a heavier-than-air craft was possible. The brothers tested their aircraft three more times that day with increasing levels of success. The final flight of the day carried Wilbur 852 feet in 59 seconds.</p>
+<p>On December 14, 1903, the Wright brothers were ready to test the aircraft  they had built. With Wilbur at the controls, the experiment failed and  the plane sustained minor damage. &nbsp;After repairing the aircraft, they  tried again on December 17. This time, with Orville piloting, the plane  stayed in the air for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet. The length and  duration of the flight were not much by today's standards, but the Wright  brothers had demonstrated that sustained flight in a  heavier-than-air craft was possible. The brothers tested their aircraft  three more times that day with increasing levels of success. The final  flight of the day carried Wilbur 852 feet in 59 seconds.</p>
-<p>Many Americans, including journalists, did not believe the story of the Wright brothers' first flight. Only five Ohio newspapers covered the story. The others refused to believe that flight was possible. Undaunted, the brothers continued to experiment with their aircraft, moving their operations to Huffman Field near Dayton. Initially, they found it difficult to obtain the funding they needed to capitalize on their invention. They attempted to interest the United States military, but government officials were skeptical. In 1906, the Wrights received a patent for their invention, providing them the security they needed to pursue funding more openly, without fear of competitors stealing their designs. By 1909, they obtained enough financial support to organize the Wright Company. With Wilbur serving as president and Orville as vice-president, the company manufactured airplanes in Dayton and operated a flight school at Huffman Field.</p>
+<p>Many Americans, including journalists, did not believe the story of  the Wright  brothers' first flight. Only five Ohio newspapers covered the  story. The others refused to believe that flight was possible.  Undaunted, the brothers continued to experiment with their aircraft,  moving their operations to Huffman Field near Dayton. Initially, they  found it difficult to obtain the funding they needed to capitalize on  their invention. They attempted to interest the United States military,  but government officials were skeptical. In 1906, the Wrights received a  patent for their invention, providing them the security they needed to  pursue funding more openly, without fear of competitors stealing their  designs. By 1909, they obtained enough financial support to organize the  Wright Company. With Wilbur serving as president and Orville as  vice-president, the company manufactured airplanes in Dayton and  operated a flight school at Huffman Field.</p>
-<p>Wilbur Wright's tenure as company president was cut short when he contracted typhoid fever. He died on May 30, 1912. Orville assumed his brother’s position as president of the company, but he had little taste for executive life. He sold the company in 1915 and retired from the aircraft business. Orville made his last flight as a pilot in 1918. For the next 30 years, Orville served as an advisor on numerous aviation boards and organizations, including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In January 1948, at the age of 76, Orville Wright suffered a heart attack and died at Dayton. The brothers are buried in the family plot at Woodland Cemetery in Dayton.</p>
+<p>Wilbur Wright's tenure as company president was cut short when he  contracted typhoid fever. He died on May 30, 1912. Orville assumed his  brotherâ€™s position as president of the company, but he had little taste  for executive life. He sold the company in 1915 and retired from the  aircraft business. Orville made his last flight as a pilot in 1918. For  the next 30 years, Orville served as an advisor on numerous aviation  boards and organizations, including the National Advisory Committee for  Aeronautics, the predecessor to the National Aeronautics and Space  Administration (NASA). In January 1948, at the age of 76, Orville Wright  suffered a heart attack and died at Dayton. The brothers are buried in  the family plot at Woodland Cemetery in Dayton.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[Aviation]]
 *[[Bicycles]]
 *[[Dayton Wright Airplane Company]]
-*[[Dayton, Ohio]]
+*[[Wright Field]]
 *[[First Airplane Flight]]
 *[[Montgomery County]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
-#Roseboom, E.H., and F.P. Weisenburger. <em>A History of Ohio</em>. Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society, 1996. &nbsp;
+#Roseboom, E.H., and F.P. Weisenburger. <em>A History of Ohio</em>. Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society, 1996.
 </div>
-[[Category:History Groups]][[Category:Industrialization and Urbanization]]
+[[Category:History Groups]][[Category:Industrialization and Urbanization]][[Category:The Progressive Era]][[Category:Business and Industry]][[Category:Science and Medicine]][[Category:Transportation]]
 [[Category:The Progressive Era]]
 [[Category:Business and Industry]]
 [[Category:Science and Medicine]]
 [[Category:Transportation]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{infobox
-| image = [[File:William McCulloch.html]]
+| image = [[File:William McCulloch.jpg]]
 }}
 <p>William Moore McCulloch was a civil rights activist and member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio in the mid-twentieth century. He was instrumental in crafting and passing several key pieces of legislation in the 1960s to ensure equal rights for all Americans, including the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and the 1968 Fair Housing Act.</p>
 <p>William McCulloch was born near Holmesville, Ohio, in Holmes County, on November 24, 1901. After attending public schools in the area, he enrolled at the College of Wooster, where he received an undergraduate degree. In 1925, McCulloch earned a law degree from The Ohio State University and was admitted to the Ohio bar. After graduation, McCulloch practiced law for a period in Jacksonville, Florida, where he saw firsthand the unconstitutionality of segregation practices in the region. In 1928, McCulloch moved back to his home state and established a law practice with George Barry in Piqua, Ohio.</p>
 <p>While residing in Piqua, McCulloch became active in politics. A member of the Republican Party, McCulloch was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1932. During his tenure, McCulloch rose to important leadership positions, serving as House Minority Leader from 1936-1939, and as Speaker of the House from 1939-1944. He was the first House member to serve three consecutive terms as Speaker.</p>
 <p>McCulloch was a constitutional lawyer. He showed his passion for equal rights early in his career and supported the local NAACP Chapter in its drive to end segregated seating in local restaurants. One of the earliest sit-ins in the area was held at the Union Bus Terminal lunch counter and marked the beginning of the end for segregated accommodations in the Piqua area. This was bold stance to take in a rural, white, middle-class, and conservative stronghold where the black population was a mere 2.7 percent at the time.</p>
 <p>During World War II, McCulloch served in the U.S. military from December 26, 1943 to October 12, 1945. Although already 40 years old at the time, he resigned as Speaker of the House and enlisted in the U.S. Army serving overseas in Europe. Following the war, he resumed his political career.</p>
 <p>In a special election held on November 4, 1947, voters of Ohio's 4th&nbsp;District elected McCulloch to represent them in the United States House of Representatives, filling a vacancy created by the resignation of Robert F. Jones. McCulloch went on to represent western Ohio in the House in twelve succeeding Congresses through January 3, 1973. He was popular and respected within his district, and his constituents reelected him by margins of 65 to 70 percent throughout his tenure. McCulloch was one of the few Congressmen who never used his entire office allowance, and every year returned the unused funds to the U.S. Treasury.</p>
-<p>Although a political conservative, McCulloch is remembered as a champion of civil rights. Early in his tenure as Representative of Ohio’s 4th District, he played a key role in President Eisenhower’s 1957 and 1960 civil rights bills. As the ranking Republican member of the House Judiciary Committee in the early 1960s, he introduced civil rights legislation in the House, and his bipartisan support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was instrumental in the adoption of that legislation. Representing the Kennedy administration, Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall traveled to Piqua in July of 1963, and in a meeting in McCulloch’s law office, cemented the commitment for a bipartisan civil rights bill that would not, as had happened in 1960, be weakened by the Senate. President Kennedy stated, &quot;Without him [the bill] can't be done.” McCulloch’s support for the bill insured the essential Republican leadership votes in the House. His approval of each of the Senate amendments to the bill was obtained as part of the commitment to the strong legislation he wanted to achieve. When the bill returned to the House for the final vote before being sent to President Lyndon Johnson, McCulloch received a rare standing ovation and a round of floor speeches in recognition of his leadership. President Lyndon Johnson publicly recognized McCulloch as &quot;the most important and powerful force&quot; in the enactment of the bill.</p>
+<p>Although a political conservative, McCulloch is remembered as a champion of civil rights. Early in his tenure as Representative of Ohioâ€™s 4th District, he played a key role in President Eisenhowerâ€™s 1957 and 1960 civil rights bills. As the ranking Republican member of the House Judiciary Committee in the early 1960s, he introduced civil rights legislation in the House, and his bipartisan support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was instrumental in the adoption of that legislation. Representing the Kennedy administration, Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall traveled to Piqua in July of 1963, and in a meeting in McCullochâ€™s law office, cemented the commitment for a bipartisan civil rights bill that would not, as had happened in 1960, be weakened by the Senate. President Kennedy stated, &quot;Without him [the bill] can't be done.â€� McCullochâ€™s support for the bill insured the essential Republican leadership votes in the House. His approval of each of the Senate amendments to the bill was obtained as part of the commitment to the strong legislation he wanted to achieve. When the bill returned to the House for the final vote before being sent to President Lyndon Johnson, McCulloch received a rare standing ovation and a round of floor speeches in recognition of his leadership. President Lyndon Johnson publicly recognized McCulloch as &quot;the most important and powerful force&quot; in the enactment of the bill.</p>
-<p>McCulloch went on to play key roles in the 1965 Voting Rights Act, as well as the 1968 Fair Housing Act, continually fighting for his belief in the Constitution and its provisions for equal rights for all Americans While he championed civil rights legislation, McCulloch believed in limited government and fiscal integrity. He often opposed large spending programs, some of which were included in President Johnson’s Great Society initiative.</p>
+<p>McCulloch went on to play key roles in the 1965 Voting Rights Act, as well as the 1968 Fair Housing Act, continually fighting for his belief in the Constitution and its provisions for equal rights for all Americans While he championed civil rights legislation, McCulloch believed in limited government and fiscal integrity. He often opposed large spending programs, some of which were included in President Johnsonâ€™s Great Society initiative.</p>
-<p>McCulloch fought another major battle in 1969-1970 by defending the renewal of certain temporary provisions in the 1965 Voting Rights Act during the Nixon administration. Directed at Southern states with a history of discriminatory voting practices, a strong provision in the legislation demanded that these states obtain clearance through the Justice Department before making any changes that would affect the voting process. The Nixon Administration argued for cutting back on the provision, while McCulloch fought for its retention in a still volatile voting environment. McCulloch and his legislative allies succeeded in keeping the landmark bill intact, echoing his belief as stated on the House floor before the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act that “no statutory law can completely end discrimination. Intelligent work and vigilance by members of all races will be required for many years before discrimination completely disappears… To create hope of immediate and complete success can only promote conflict and result in brooding despair.” McCulloch continued to champion equal rights and to protect the landmark legislation of the 1960s until his retirement in 1972.</p>
+<p>McCulloch fought another major battle in 1969-1970 by defending the renewal of certain temporary provisions in the 1965 Voting Rights Act during the Nixon administration. Directed at Southern states with a history of discriminatory voting practices, a strong provision in the legislation demanded that these states obtain clearance through the Justice Department before making any changes that would affect the voting process. The Nixon Administration argued for cutting back on the provision, while McCulloch fought for its retention in a still volatile voting environment. McCulloch and his legislative allies succeeded in keeping the landmark bill intact, echoing his belief as stated on the House floor before the signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act that â€œno statutory law can completely end discrimination. Intelligent work and vigilance by members of all races will be required for many years before discrimination completely disappearsâ€¦ To create hope of immediate and complete success can only promote conflict and result in brooding despair.â€� McCulloch continued to champion equal rights and to protect the landmark legislation of the 1960s until his retirement in 1972.</p>
-<p>McCulloch died in Washington, D.C., on February 22, 1980. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. While McCulloch was alive, he received numerous honors and belonged to several important organizations, including the Congressional Distinguished Service Award, the President's Commission on Government Security, the President's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission), and the President's National Advisory Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. He received awards from the AFL-CIO and from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 1964 for his role in the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from The Ohio State University in 1972 for his singular and essential contribution to the passage of civil rights legislation of 1964, 1965, and 1968. In 1971, he received the Ohio Governor’s Award for the “Advancement of the Prestige of Ohio.” At his retirement in 1972, Democrats, Republicans, and the press praised him for his leadership and stand on principle. In 1995, McCulloch was inducted into the Piqua Civic Hall of Fame, and in July, 2009, the Piqua Public Square was renamed in his honor.</p>
+<p>McCulloch died in Washington, D.C., on February 22, 1980. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. While McCulloch was alive, he received numerous honors and belonged to several important organizations, including the Congressional Distinguished Service Award, the President's Commission on Government Security, the President's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission), and the President's National Advisory Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. He received awards from the AFL-CIO and from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 1964 for his role in the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from The Ohio State University in 1972 for his singular and essential contribution to the passage of civil rights legislation of 1964, 1965, and 1968. In 1971, he received the Ohio Governorâ€™s Award for the â€œAdvancement of the Prestige of Ohio.â€� At his retirement in 1972, Democrats, Republicans, and the press praised him for his leadership and stand on principle. In 1995, McCulloch was inducted into the Piqua Civic Hall of Fame, and in July, 2009, the Piqua Public Square was renamed in his honor.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[Civil Rights Movement]]
 *[[Ohio]]
 *[[The Ohio State University]]
 *[[World War II]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Cong. Rec. 1 Feb. 1972: 2130.
 #Cong. Rec. 12 Oct. 1972: 35651.
 #Cong. Rec. 18 Oct. 1972: 37051-37053.
 #Whalen, Charles W., and Barbara Whalen.&nbsp;<em>The Longest Debate:&nbsp;a&nbsp;A&nbsp;Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act</em>.&nbsp;Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks, 1985. Print.&nbsp;Press,&nbsp;1989.&nbsp;
 </div>
-[[Category:History People]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]]
+[[Category:History People]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Government and Politics]]
 [[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]]
 [[Category:African Americans]]
 [[Category:Government and Politics]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{infobox
-| image = [[File:Discoidal.html]]
+| image = [[File:Discoidal.jpg]]
 | caption = Mottled red and gray granite discoidal, also called a chunky stone, is a small, round disk with rounded edges. Both faces are concave. Participants rolled the discoidal on its rim over a specially-prepared area, then threw spears or shot arrows at it, with the winner being the person whose projectile came closest to the discoidal when it stopped. Item was found at the Anderson Village Site in Washington Township, Warren County, Ohio.
 }}
 <ul id="breadcrumb"></ul>
-<p>Discoidals (game stones) come from the Late Prehistoric Mississippian Culture. The discoidal, also called a chunky stone, was the centerpiece in the competitive game of Chungke. The stone disc is circular in shape with variation in size and color. Engravings on game pieces were common, often including circles, dots and linear patterns. Game stones were carefully shaped and polished and sometimes passed down through generations. </p>
+<p>Discoidals  (game stones) come from the Late Prehistoric Mississippian Culture. The  discoidal, also called a chunky stone, was the centerpiece in the  competitive game of Chungke. The stone disc is circular in shape with  variation in size and color. Engravings on game pieces were common,  often including circles, dots and linear patterns. Game stones were  carefully shaped and polished and sometimes passed down through  generations. </p>
-<p>There are varying historic accounts of how the game was played, which indicates that the rules were different from group to group and region to region. The rules likely changed over time as well. In general, however, the game usually followed the same basic pattern. Teams could be formed, but only two players participated in the game at a time. One player rolled the disc on its rim down a specially prepared field, usually a smooth dirt surface. Two people ran after the stone. The opposing player tried to strike the moving disc with a long, thin spear. The player that rolled the stone attempted to block his opponent’s pole with his own spear. If he failed and the second player was able to hit the stone, then the opponent received a point and the right to throw the disc. If the first player was able to block the pole, he retained the stone and gained one point. Should both players miss, no points were granted and the throw was repeated. One variation to the rules had two points being granted to the player whose pole landed closest to the disc after both players missed their target.</p>
+<p>There are varying historic accounts of how the game was played, which  indicates that the rules were different from group to group and region  to region. The rules likely changed over time as well. In general,  however, the game usually followed the same basic pattern. Teams could  be formed, but only two players participated in the game at a time. One  player rolled the disc on its rim down a specially prepared field,  usually a smooth dirt surface. Two people ran after the stone. The  opposing player tried to strike the moving disc with a long, thin spear.  The player that rolled the stone attempted to block his opponentâ€™s pole  with his own spear. If he failed and the second player was able to hit  the stone, then the opponent received a point and the right to throw the  disc. If the first player was able to block the pole, he retained the  stone and gained one point. Should both players miss, no points were  granted and the throw was repeated. One variation to the rules had two  points being granted to the player whose pole landed closest to the disc  after both players missed their target.</p>
-<p>This game of skill and chance served an important social role in the community. Sometimes the athletes gained a status similar to that of modern celebrities. This attention was given mostly to young warriors, those who were often just as successful in battle. Gambling on the game was common for men and women. They would bet a range of items on the outcome of the game, such as rings, bracelets, and sometimes even the clothes off their back. </p>
+<p>This game of skill and chance served an important social role in the  community. Sometimes the athletes gained a status similar to that of  modern celebrities. This attention was given mostly to young warriors,  those who were often just as successful in battle. Gambling on the game  was common for men and women. They would bet a range of items on the  outcome of the game, such as rings, bracelets, and sometimes even the  clothes off their back. </p>
-<p>The discoidals in the collections of the Ohio Historical Society range in size from about 6.0 cm to 15.0 cm in diameter. Examples include discoidals made from dark gray sandstone, brown sandstone and red and gray granite. The object is always circular in shape; however, there is variation in thickness, decoration, and color of the stone.&nbsp; Three of the discoidals have a drilled hole through the center. The remaining disks are solid.&nbsp; One example portrays a decorative rim pattern. The disc on display in “Windows To Our Collection, Ohio’s Ancient Past” is about 15.0 cm in diameter and made of quartzite with large circular indentations on both sides. The mottled yellow-brown disc was found in Ottawa County. </p>
+<p>The discoidals  in the collections of the Ohio Historical Society range in size from  about 6.0 cm to 15.0 cm in diameter. Examples include discoidals made from  dark gray sandstone, brown sandstone and red and gray granite. The  object is always circular in shape; however, there is variation in  thickness, decoration, and color of the stone.&nbsp; Three of the discoidals  have a drilled hole through the center. The remaining disks are solid.&nbsp;  One example portrays a decorative rim pattern. The disc on display in  â€œWindows To Our Collection, Ohioâ€™s Ancient Pastâ€� is about 15.0 cm in  diameter and made of quartzite with large circular indentations on both  sides. The mottled yellow-brown disc was found in Ottawa County. </p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[Ohio Historical Society]]
 *[[Ottawa County]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Woodward, Grace Steele.&nbsp; <em>The Cherokees</em>. University of Oklahoma Press, 1982.
 </div>
 [[Category:History Artifacts]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 | image = [[File:Lord Dunmore's War.jpg]]
 }}
+==References==
+<div class="referencesText">
-narrative <br />
+#Hurt, R. Douglas. <em>The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830</em>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996.
+#Jacob, John J.<strong>&nbsp;</strong><em>A Biographical Sketch of the Life of the Late Captain Michael Cresap</em>. Cumberland, MD: J.M. Buchanan, 1826.
+#Jefferson, Thomas. <em>Notes on the State of Virginia</em>. Boston, MA: Printed by H. Sprague, 1802.
-[[Category:History Events]]
+#Mayer, Brantz. <em>Tah-gah-jute, or, Logan and Cresap: An Historical Essay</em>. Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1867.
-[[Category:Exploration To Statehood]]
+#Sawvel, Franklin B. <em>Logan the Mingo</em>. Boston, MA: R. G. Badger, 1921.
-[[Category:WIP]]
+#Thwaites, Reuben Gold, and Luise Phelps Kellogg. <em>Documentary History of Dunmore's War, 1774</em>. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Pub. Co., Inc., 2002.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 | caption = Human Hand Effigy, Hopewell Culture, Hopewell Mound Group, Ross Co., A 283/000294
 }}
 <p>The native peoples of Ohio may have begun to use mica during the Early Woodland period, but its use in the crafting of ceremonial objects became especially important during the Middle Woodland period.&nbsp; </p>
 <p>Mica is a shiny mineral that occurs in layers, which can be split apart into thin, translucent sheets. Sometimes called isenglass, plates of mica have been used historically as windows for stoves.&nbsp; </p>
 <p>Hopewell culture spiritual leaders used small slabs of mica for a kind of mirror, possibly used in divination ceremonies, and artisans cut sheets into a variety of delicate shapes that may have been sewn onto garments to serve as personal ornaments.</p>
 <p>Mica does not occur naturally in Ohio. Its source is in the Appalachian Mountains of North and South Carolina. Ohio's Hopewell people may have obtained the mica in trade with the Middle Woodland cultures in this region, or perhaps pilgrims brought offerings of mica and other rare and precious materials to the great earthwork centers of southern Ohio.</p>
 <p>Mica continued to be used by some Late Woodland cultures in Ohio, but only in much smaller quantities and these later peoples did not cut it into the elegant effigies so characteristic of the Hopewell culture.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[Translucent]]
 *[[Woodland Period]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{infobox
 | image = [[File:Atlatl.gif]]
-| caption = This diagram shows how the atlatl was used to throw a spear with great force. The atlatl was used by Paleoindian, Archaic and Woodland culture hunters.
+| caption = <p>This diagram shows how the atlatl was used to throw a spear with great force. The atlatl was used by Paleoindian, Archaic and Woodland culture hunters.</p>
 }}
 <p>The atlatl, or spear-thrower, is a tool used to propel darts, or spears, farther and with more force than would be possible with the unaided arm. It has a handle on one end and a hook at the other. The hook is inserted into a hole at the butt end of the spear and when the hunter whips the atlatl forward, somewhat like an overhand serve in tennis, the force is concentrated at the point where the hook contacts the spear. Native Americans using the atlatl could hurl spears with such power that the spears could penetrate Spanish chain mail armor.</p>
 <p>The atlatl likely came to America with the earliest Paleoindian cultures. It remained the main hunting weapon until it was replaced by the bow and arrow during the Late Woodland period. Some cultures abandoned the atlatl entirely in favor of the new technology, but it continued in use in some regions until the arrival of Europeans.</p>
 <p>The word &quot;atlatl&quot; comes from the Aztec language (Nahuatl).</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
-*[[Archaic Period]]
+*[[Woodland Period]]
-*[[Arrowheads]]
 *[[Bannerstone]]
 *[[Paleoindian Period]]
-*[[Woodland Period]]
+*[[Archaic Period]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Lepper, Bradley T. <em>Ohio Archaeology: An Illustrated Chronicle of Ohio's Ancient American Indian Cultures.</em> Wilmington, Ohio, Orange Frazer Press, 2005.&nbsp;
 </div>
 [[Category:Prehistory Artifacts]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>Zanesfield is a small community in Logan County, Ohio.</p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>Prior to the arrival of white settlers, the Shawnee Indians principally inhabited the area that now includes Zanesfield. Whites drove most of the Shawnee and other Indian groups from the region during the War of 1812. White residents established Zanesfield in 1819, naming the town after Isaac Zane. Zane was the brother of Ebenezer Zane, founder of Zane's Trace. Wyandot Indians captured Isaac Zane when he was just nine years old. He spent several years living as a captive of the Wyandots. Upon attaining his freedom, Zane served as an interpreter for Confederation and United States government officials in treaty negotiations with various Native American groups. In 1795, the United States government awarded Zane 1,800 acres of land near Zanesfield. </p>
-}}
 <p>Zanesfield is a small community in Logan County, Ohio.</p>
 <p>Prior to the arrival of white settlers, the Shawnee Indians principally inhabited the area that now includes Zanesfield. Whites drove most of the Shawnee and other Indian groups from the region during the War of 1812. White residents established Zanesfield in 1819, naming the town after Isaac Zane. Zane was the brother of Ebenezer Zane, founder of Zane's Trace. Wyandot Indians captured Isaac Zane when he was just nine years old. He spent several years living as a captive of the Wyandots. Upon attaining his freedom, Zane served as an interpreter for Confederation and United States government officials in treaty negotiations with various Native American groups. In 1795, the United States government awarded Zane 1,800 acres of land near Zanesfield. </p>
 <p>For its entire history, Zanesfield has remained relatively small. In 1880, only 307 people resided in Zanesfield. Historically, most residents either worked as farmers or provided services to their agriculturalist neighbors. This tradition continues today. Today, no major state or federal highways pass through the community, leaving it relatively isolated. In 2000, just 220 people lived in Zanesfield.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
-*[[American Indians]]
+*[[Ebenezer Zane]]
-*[[Isaac Zane Tract]]
-*[[Logan County]]
-*[[Ohio]]
-*[[Shawnee Indians]]
 *[[War of 1812]]
 *[[Wyandot Indians]]
 *[[Zane's Trace]]
-*[[Ebenezer Zane]]
+*[[Logan County]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Howe, Henry. <em>Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes</em>. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel &amp; Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.
 </div>
-[[Category:History Places]][[Category:Early Statehood]]
+[[Category:History Places]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:Industrialization and Urbanization]][[Category:The Progressive Era]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:Towards the 21st Century]][[Category:Civil War]][[Category:Communities and Counties]]
-[[Category:Civil War]]
 [[Category:Industrialization and Urbanization]]
 [[Category:The Progressive Era]]
 [[Category:Great Depression and World War II]]
 [[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]]
 [[Category:Towards the 21st Century]]
 [[Category:Communities and Counties]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>Amos Woodruff was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Hinckley, Ohio.<strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>Woodruff was born circa 1795 in Vermont. He eventually moved to Hinckley, which is located in Medina County, Ohio. Here, he worked as a shoemaker. Woodruff was also a devout abolitionist. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, <em>The Liberator</em>, and shared it with his friends and customers. He also assisted fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad, usually ferrying them to Cleveland, Ohio. Despite being faced with threats of physical violence from his pro-slavery neighbors, Woodruff remained an abolitionist through the American Civil War and welcomed slavery's demise with the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.</p>
-}}
 <p>Amos Woodruff was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Hinckley, Ohio.<strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
 <p>Woodruff was born circa 1795 in Vermont. He eventually moved to Hinckley, which is located in Medina County, Ohio. Here, he worked as a shoemaker. Woodruff was also a devout abolitionist. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, <em>The Liberator</em>, and shared it with his friends and customers. He also assisted fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad, usually ferrying them to Cleveland, Ohio. Despite being faced with threats of physical violence from his pro-slavery neighbors, Woodruff remained an abolitionist through the American Civil War and welcomed slavery's demise with the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.</p>
 <p>Woodruff represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Woodruff.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[American Civil War]]
 *[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
 *[[Ohio]]
 *[[Thirteenth Amendment]]
 *[[United States Constitution]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Webber, A.R. Letter. 10 June 1939. The Wilbur H. Siebert Underground Railroad Collection. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus, OH.
 </div>
-[[Category:History People]][[Category:Early Statehood]]
+[[Category:History People]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Civil War]]
 [[Category:African Americans]]
 [[Category:Civil War]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>Robert Wilson was a conductor on the Underground Railroad near Loudonville, Ohio.</p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>Little is known of Wilson's life. He earned his living as a farmer. Circa 1850, he became involved with the Underground Railroad. The Wilson family lived in a two room log cabin. Robert Wilson, the family's patriarch, sometimes hid one dozen or more slaves in the barn. Many of the Wilson children were scared of the fugitive slaves. The children had limited contact with African Americans before their father's involvement with the Underground Railroad. Eventually, as they became more acquainted with African Americans, the Wilson children actively assisted their father. Typically, Wilson hid the slaves during the day, and in the evenings, he led them from Loudonville, to Savannah, Ohio, to Ashland, Ohio, or to Hayesville, Ohio. Despite receiving threats from numerous neighbors and other acquaintances, Wilson remained active in the Underground Railroad until the American Civil War.</p>
-}}
 <p>Robert Wilson was a conductor on the Underground Railroad near Loudonville, Ohio.</p>
 <p>Little is known of Wilson's life. He earned his living as a farmer. Circa 1850, he became involved with the Underground Railroad. The Wilson family lived in a two room log cabin. Robert Wilson, the family's patriarch, sometimes hid one dozen or more slaves in the barn. Many of the Wilson children were scared of the fugitive slaves. The children had limited contact with African Americans before their father's involvement with the Underground Railroad. Eventually, as they became more acquainted with African Americans, the Wilson children actively assisted their father. Typically, Wilson hid the slaves during the day, and in the evenings, he led them from Loudonville, to Savannah, Ohio, to Ashland, Ohio, or to Hayesville, Ohio. Despite receiving threats from numerous neighbors and other acquaintances, Wilson remained active in the Underground Railroad until the American Civil War.</p>
 <p>Wilson represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Wilson.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[American Civil War]]
-*[[Ashland, Ohio]]
+*[[African Americans]]
-*[[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]
-*[[Ohio]]
 *[[Runaway Slaves]]
 *[[Underground Railroad]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Buchanan, A.M. Letter. 7 September 1894. The Wilbur H. Siebert Underground Railroad Collection. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus, OH.
 </div>
-[[Category:History People]][[Category:Early Statehood]]
+[[Category:History People]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Reform]]
 [[Category:African Americans]]
 [[Category:Reform]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>Willoughby is a community in Lake County, Ohio. During its history, the town has also been called Charlton, Chagrin, and Chagrin Mills.</p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>Prior to the 1750s, Erie Indians resided in the area of what is now Willoughby. During the 1750s, French traders established a trading post at Willoughby, which they called Charlton. Following the French and Indian War, British traders renamed the community Chagrin River, after the Chagrin River, which flowed through the area. The first white Americans to arrive in the region on a permanent basis came in 1796. In that year, Charles Parker surveyed the land that is now Willoughby. The first residents were surveyors for the Connecticut Land Company, but during the first decade of the 1800s, traditional families began to settle the region. These residents originally named the community Chagrin River, but as people constructed various mills and other industries, the area became known as Chagrin Mills. In 1815, residents again renamed the community, now calling it simply Chagrin. In 1834, residents changed the community's name one final time to Willoughby, after Dr. Westel Willoughby, an educator in Herkimer County, New York. Residents hoped to attract Dr. Willoughby to the community to establish a medical school.</p>
-}}
+<p>Willoughby grew relatively quickly, primarily due to the town's proximity to Lake Erie and the Ohio and Erie Canal. By 1840, nearly four hundred people resided in the community, which contained at least two churches and Dr. Willoughby's medical college. Forty years later, the population had increased to more than 1,000 people, and the town boasted five churches, one bank, and one newspaper. The medical college had left the community several years previously.</p>
-<p>Willoughby is a community in Lake County, Ohio. During its history, the town has also been called Charlton, Chagrin, and Chagrin Mills.</p>
+<p>During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Willoughby developed a booming tourist trade, attracting especially businessmen from nearby Cleveland. These men sought to escape the dirtiness of Ohio's industrial cities. Following World War II, Willoughby continued to grow. By the late 1940s, most American families owned automobiles, allowing these people to live farther from work. Willoughby experienced an increase in middle and working-class families. These people lived in Willoughby, but many of them worked in Cleveland, Ohio, located to the west. In 2000, approximately twenty-two thousand people resided in the city.</p>
 <p>Prior to the 1750s, Erie Indians resided in the area of what is now Willoughby. During the 1750s, French traders established a trading post at Willoughby, which they called Charlton. Following the French and Indian War, British traders renamed the community Chagrin River, after the Chagrin River, which flowed through the area. The first white Americans to arrive in the region on a permanent basis came in 1796. In that year, Charles Parker surveyed the land that is now Willoughby. The first residents were surveyors for the Connecticut Land Company, but during the first decade of the 1800s, traditional families began to settle the region. These residents originally named the community Chagrin River, but as people constructed various mills and other industries, the area became known as Chagrin Mills. In 1815, residents again renamed the community, now calling it simply Chagrin. In 1834, residents changed the community's name one final time to Willoughby, after Dr. Westel Willoughby, an educator in Herkimer County, New York. Residents hoped to attract Dr. Willoughby to the community to establish a medical school.</p>
 <p>Willoughby grew relatively quickly, primarily due to the town's proximity to Lake Erie and the Ohio and Erie Canal. By 1840, nearly four hundred people resided in the community, which contained at least two churches and Dr. Willoughby's medical college. Forty years later, the population had increased to more than 1,000 people, and the town boasted five churches, one bank, and one newspaper. The medical college had left the community several years previously.</p>
 <p>During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Willoughby developed a booming tourist trade, attracting especially businessmen from nearby Cleveland. These men sought to escape the dirtiness of Ohio's industrial cities. Following World War II, Willoughby continued to grow. By the late 1940s, most American families owned automobiles, allowing these people to live farther from work. Willoughby experienced an increase in middle and working-class families. These people lived in Willoughby, but many of them worked in Cleveland, Ohio, located to the west. In 2000, approximately twenty-two thousand people resided in the city.</p>
 <p>Over the course of Willoughby's history, the community has been part of six different counties, including Washington, Jefferson, Trumbull, Geauga, Cuyahoga, and Lake Counties, all of which are located in Ohio. No other community in the United States of America has been part of so many different counties.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[French and Indian War]]
-*[[Geauga County]]
+*[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
-*[[Jefferson County]]
-*[[Lake County]]
 *[[Lake Erie]]
 *[[Ohio]]
 *[[Ohio and Erie Canal]]
-*[[Trumbull County]]
+*[[Connecticut Land Company]]
 *[[Washington County]]
 *[[Willoughby, Ohio]]
-*[[World War II]]
+*[[Charlton, Ohio]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Howe, Henry. <em>Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes</em>. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel &amp; Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.
 </div>
-[[Category:History Places]][[Category:Early Statehood]]
+[[Category:History Places]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:Communities and Counties]]
 [[Category:Communities and Counties]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-John Rubie Tallentire was a Methodist minister and also a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Ashland, Ohio.
+#REDIRECT [[John R. Tallentire]]
-−
-−
-−
-Tallentire was born on March 15, 1807, in England. In 1826, he migrated to the United States of America, where he became a Methodist minister. He was a minister at churches in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. Circa 1840, he became the minister of a Methodist church in Ashland, Ohio. Upon arriving in Ashland, Tallentire actively assisted fugitive slaves in gaining their freedom. He worked closely with Robert Wilson, a fellow conductor. Wilson routinely transported runaways from his home near Loudonville, Ohio to Tallentire's home near Ashland. Tallentire remained active in the Methodist Church until his death on September 24, 1891.
-−
-−
-−
-Tallentire represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Tallentire.
-−
-−
-[[Category:History People]]
-[[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Charles Stewart was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Trumbull County, Ohio.<strong>&nbsp;</strong>
+#REDIRECT [[Charles Stewart]]
-−
-−
-−
-Stewart was born in 1793, in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. In 1812, he purchased a farm near Hubbard, Ohio in Trumbull County. Stewart spent the rest of his life in Trumbull County, farming the land. While he never ran for political office, Stewart strongly supported the Liberty Party and the Republican Party. He also was active in the First Presbyterian Church in Hubbard. His neighbors commonly referred to him as the "Deacon," because of his deep religious sentiments.
-−
-−
-−
-Stewart also actively participated in the Underground Railroad. He opened his home to fugitive slaves, seeking freedom in the North or in Canada. He also assisted the runaway slaves in traveling from stop to stop on the Underground Railroad. According to his daughter, Stewart began his Underground Railroad activities circa 1830. He remained active in the abolitionist movement until his death in November 1854. Over the course of his life, Stewart purportedly assisted thirty-nine fugitive slaves in attaining their freedom.
-−
-−
-−
-Stewart represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century.
-−
-−
-[[Category:History People]]
-[[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:Religion]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Reform]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>In 1835, pro-slavery advocates in South Charleston, Ohio threatened abolitionists with bodily harm at an anti-slavery rally.</p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>The arrival of a Mr. Eastman from New England sparked the confrontation between pro- and anti-slavery forces. Eastman desired to address residents about slavery's brutality. Typical of most white Ohioans during this era, most white South Charleston residents feared that, if slavery ended, newly-freed African Americans would relocate from the South to Ohio, depriving many whites of employment opportunities. Many of these same whites were also racist and had no desire to reside near African Americans.</p>
-}}
+<p>Upon Eastman's arrival in the community, a committee of white South Charleston residents informed the abolitionist that he was not to speak in the town. Despite this harsh reception, Eastman proclaimed that he would still make his presentation. A number of Quakers resided in South Charleston, and they desired to hear Eastman's presentation. Charles Paist, one of these Quakers, offered the front porch of his home as a stage for Eastman. Eastman agreed and accompanied Paist to his home on Columbus Street. </p>
-<p>In 1835, pro-slavery advocates in South Charleston, Ohio threatened abolitionists with bodily harm at an anti-slavery rally.</p>
+<p>At the time of Eastman's presentation, a mob of men and boys gathered outside of the Paist home. The mob was armed with eggs to throw at the abolitionist. Eastman decided to make his speech. During Eastman's entire presentation, Charles Paist's wife stood in front of the abolitionist. The mob refused to throw any eggs, fearing that they might hit Mrs. Paist. Following the speech, Eastman snuck out of the home's backdoor and traveled undetected through a cornfield to a safe house.</p>
 <p>The arrival of a Mr. Eastman from New England sparked the confrontation between pro- and anti-slavery forces. Eastman desired to address residents about slavery's brutality. Typical of most white Ohioans during this era, most white South Charleston residents feared that, if slavery ended, newly-freed African Americans would relocate from the South to Ohio, depriving many whites of employment opportunities. Many of these same whites were also racist and had no desire to reside near African Americans.</p>
 <p>Upon Eastman's arrival in the community, a committee of white South Charleston residents informed the abolitionist that he was not to speak in the town. Despite this harsh reception, Eastman proclaimed that he would still make his presentation. A number of Quakers resided in South Charleston, and they desired to hear Eastman's presentation. Charles Paist, one of these Quakers, offered the front porch of his home as a stage for Eastman. Eastman agreed and accompanied Paist to his home on Columbus Street. </p>
 <p>At the time of Eastman's presentation, a mob of men and boys gathered outside of the Paist home. The mob was armed with eggs to throw at the abolitionist. Eastman decided to make his speech. During Eastman's entire presentation, Charles Paist's wife stood in front of the abolitionist. The mob refused to throw any eggs, fearing that they might hit Mrs. Paist. Following the speech, Eastman snuck out of the home's backdoor and traveled undetected through a cornfield to a safe house.</p>
 <p>Instances like the pro-slavery confrontation in South Charleston routinely occurred across Ohio during the early nineteenth century. Many Ohioans feared the consequences of slavery's demise. Others increasingly believed that African Americans deserved at least their freedom if not true equality with whites. While violence did not erupt at South Charleston, oftentimes attacks against anti-slavery supporters occurred. </p>
 ==See Also==
@@ Line 11: / Line 8: @@
 *[[Abolitionists]]
 *[[African Americans]]
 *[[Ohio]]
 *[[Quakers]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #&quot;Abolitionism in South Charleston, Madison Township, Clark Co., O.&quot; The Wilbur H. Siebert Underground Railroad Collection. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus, OH.
 </div>
-[[Category:History Events]][[Category:Early Statehood]]
+[[Category:History Events]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Reform]]
 [[Category:African Americans]]
 [[Category:Reform]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox
+<p>Somerset, which was once known as Middletown, was formerly the county seat of Perry County, Ohio.</p>
-| image = [[File:.]]
+<p>In 1807, John Finck erected the first log cabin in what would become Somerset. Several years later, Jacob Miller arrived, becoming the second settler in this community. The men named the town Middletown, since it was approximately equal distant to Lancaster to the west and Zanesville to the east. Soon residents changed the town's name to Somerset, as most early residents were from Somerset, Pennsylvania. </p>
-}}
+<p>In the 1810s, Somerset grew quickly and, in 1817, became the Perry County seat of government. In 1846, Somerset boasted a population of nearly 1,400 residents. That same year, the community included four churches, three newspapers, sixteen stores, an iron foundry, and a tobacco warehouse. The town also claimed a Catholic nunnery and St. Mary's Seminary, a school for young women. Two miles south of Somerset was also located St. Joseph's Church, the first documented Catholic Church in Ohio.</p>
-<p>Somerset, which was once known as Middletown, was formerly the county seat of Perry County, Ohio.</p>
+<p>By 1850, Perry County's population had reached nearly twenty thousand people. Many residents desired to relocate the county seat from Somerset, which is located in the northern part of the county, to New Lexington, a more centralized spot. The county seat moved to New Lexington by the start of the American Civil War. </p>
-<p>In 1807, John Finck erected the first log cabin in what would become Somerset. Several years later, Jacob Miller arrived, becoming the second settler in this community. The men named the town Middletown, since it was approximately equal distant to Lancaster to the west and Zanesville to the east. Soon residents changed the town's name to Somerset, as most early residents were from Somerset, Pennsylvania. </p>
+<p>During the remainder of the nineteenth and the first portion of the twentieth centuries, Somerset's population remained stable at approximately 1,200 residents. Many residents earned their livings in the surrounding iron and coalmines. As iron and coal deposits began to decline, residents began to find employment in other industries principally in the nearby cities of Lancaster and Zanesville. In 2000, Somerset's population had reached 1,500 people.</p>
 <p>In the 1810s, Somerset grew quickly and, in 1817, became the Perry County seat of government. In 1846, Somerset boasted a population of nearly 1,400 residents. That same year, the community included four churches, three newspapers, sixteen stores, an iron foundry, and a tobacco warehouse. The town also claimed a Catholic nunnery and St. Mary's Seminary, a school for young women. Two miles south of Somerset was also located St. Joseph's Church, the first documented Catholic Church in Ohio.</p>
 <p>By 1850, Perry County's population had reached nearly twenty thousand people. Many residents desired to relocate the county seat from Somerset, which is located in the northern part of the county, to New Lexington, a more centralized spot. The county seat moved to New Lexington by the start of the American Civil War. </p>
 <p>During the remainder of the nineteenth and the first portion of the twentieth centuries, Somerset's population remained stable at approximately 1,200 residents. Many residents earned their livings in the surrounding iron and coalmines. As iron and coal deposits began to decline, residents began to find employment in other industries principally in the nearby cities of Lancaster and Zanesville. In 2000, Somerset's population had reached 1,500 people.</p>
 <p>Civil War General Philip Sheridan spent much of his youth in Somerset. Although not open to the public, his home remains standing today.</p>
 ==See Also==
 <div class="seeAlsoText">
 *[[American Civil War]]
-*[[Coal]]
+*[[Women]]
-*[[Lancaster, Ohio]]
-*[[Middletown, Ohio (Perry County)]]
 *[[Ohio]]
 *[[Perry County]]
 *[[Tobacco]]
-*[[Women]]
+*[[Lancaster, Ohio]]
 *[[Zanesville, Ohio]]
 </div>
 ==References==
 <div class="referencesText">
 #Howe, Henry. <em>Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes</em>. Vol. II. Cincinnati, OH: C.J. Krehbiel &amp; Co., Printers and Binders, 1902.
 </div>
-[[Category:History Places]][[Category:Early Statehood]]
+[[Category:History Places]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:Industrialization and Urbanization]][[Category:The Progressive Era]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:Towards the 21st Century]][[Category:Civil War]][[Category:Communities and Counties]]
-[[Category:Civil War]]
 [[Category:Industrialization and Urbanization]]
 [[Category:The Progressive Era]]
 [[Category:Great Depression and World War II]]
 [[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]]
 [[Category:Towards the 21st Century]]
 [[Category:Communities and Counties]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Adam Smith was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Meigs County, Ohio.<strong>&nbsp;</strong>
+#REDIRECT [[Adam Smith]]
-−
-Little is known of Smith's life beyond his Underground Railroad activities. In 1823, Smith found employment with Hamilton Carr, an abolitionist and a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Meigs County. Smith and Carr assisted many slaves in attaining their freedom. They concentrated their efforts in the vicinity of Point Pleasant, Virginia (modern day West Virginia).
-−
-Virginia slave owners quickly sought to stop Smith and Carr. In October 1824, four Virginia slave owners entered Meigs County and arrested Smith. They placed him in jail in Point Pleasant, intending to try him for stealing their slaves. Authorities refused to grant Smith bail. Meigs County abolitionists quickly established a committee to warn each other of the approach of other Virginia slaveowners. Eight abolitionists, including Martin Meaker, William Hatch, John Woods, David Tyler, Obadiah Ralph, William Terry, Charles Giles, and John S. Giles, Sr., also instigated a plan to secure Smith's release.
-−
-Six weeks after Smith's arrest, the eight abolitionists proceeded to Point Pleasant under the cover of darkness. They were heavily armed and proceeded to break Smith out of the Point Pleasant jail. The nine men safely returned to Meigs County. The Virginia governor immediately requested that Ohio's governor transport the men involved to Point Pleasant. Ohio Governor Jeremiah Morrow issued arrest warrants for three of the men. Ohio authorities turned the men over to Virginia officials. At their trials, two of the men were found innocent. The third conspirator was sentenced to pay a thirty dollar fine and was released.
-−
-Smith and his colleagues represent the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slave owners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Smith. Northern abolitionists were risking their very lives to assist slaves in attaining freedom.
-−
-−
-[[Category:History People]]
-[[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Alanson Pomeroy was a politician, a businessman, and a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Cuyahoga County, Ohio.<strong>&nbsp;</strong>
+#REDIRECT [[Alanson Pomeroy]]
-−
-−
-−
-Pomeroy was born on February 20, 1805, in Massachusetts. He eventually relocated to Strongsville, in Cuyahoga County. In January 1831, Pomeroy married Kezia Pope. The couple remained in Strongsville, completing construction on a prominent home, named "The Homestead," in 1848. Pomeroy supported his family by owning at least two stores in northeastern Ohio, including one in Strongsville. He also was involved in the banking industry in nearby Cleveland, Ohio and also in Berea, Ohio. A prominent member of the community, Pomeroy won election to several government positions, including justice of the peace and Strongsville trustee. He also assumed a leadership position in the local Congregational Church.
-−
-−
-−
-Besides his political and economic pursuits, Pomeroy and his wife served as conductors on the Underground Railroad. They secreted fugitive slaves in the cellar of their home. Pomeroy commonly brought the runaways from Oberlin, Ohio in the back of a wagon. He concealed the fugitives under hay while transporting them. He would then take the African Americans to Rocky River, where he placed them on board boats that took the runaway slaves to freedom in Canada.
-−
-−
-−
-Pomeroy died on January 4, 1877. In 1980, Pomeroy's home became a restaurant known as Don's Pomeroy House Restaurant, Pub & Patio.
-−
-−
-−
-Pomeroy represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Pomeroy.
-−
-−
-[[Category:History People]]
-[[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Business and Industry]][[Category:Religion]][[Category:Reform]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Eli Nichols was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in New Castle, Ohio.
+#REDIRECT [[Eli Nichols]]
-−
-−
-−
-Nichols was born in 1799 in Loudoun County, Virginia. While still a child, Nichols and his parents moved to New Castle, in Belmont County, Ohio. Nichols's parents raised their son as a Quaker, but as an adult, Nichols ended his membership in the Society of Friends. He became a farmer and also worked as one of the first attorneys in Belmont County. Nichols also became involved in politics, winning election to the Ohio legislature.
-−
-−
-−
-Nichols was also active in the abolition movement. Despite facing bodily threats from pro-slavery people, Nichols routinely made presentations on slavery's injustices. He also served as a conductor on the Underground Railroad, opening his home to fugitive slaves. Most runaway slaves whom Nichols aided escaped from eastern Tennessee and Kentucky.
-−
-−
-−
-Nichols represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Nichols.
-−
-−
-[[Category:History People]]
-[[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:Reform]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Alexander King was an abolitionist in Ashtabula County, Ohio and assisted John Brown in planning his attack on the federal arsenal located in Harper's Ferry, Virginia (modern-day West Virginia).
+#REDIRECT [[Alexander King]]
-−
-−
-−
-King was born in 1818, in Madison, New York. He spent most of his youth in Oneida, New York, before moving with his family to Chautauqua, New York in 1833. In 1851, King moved to Cherry Valley Township in Ashtabula County, Ohio. Here, he found employment manufacturing cabinet hardware.
-−
-−
-−
-While a teenager in Chautauqua, King became an abolitionist. He continued his anti-slavery activities upon relocating to Ohio. A member of the Baptist Church, King denounced people who believed that the Bible sanctioned slavery. Illustrating the limited abolitionist support in Ohio, King's church expelled him for his beliefs. Undaunted, King continued to advocate abolitionism. In 1859, he assisted John Brown in planning this abolitionist's attack on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. King stored weapons for Brown's assault in a building that he owned. Brown also spent the last night before he left Ohio for Harper's Ferry in King's home.
-−
-−
-−
-King represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. His life also illustrates the fact that many Northerners, including Ohioans, strongly objected to abolitionist efforts to free the slaves. Many Northerners were racist or feared the loss of employment opportunities if slavery ended and African Americans relocated to the North.
-−
-−
-[[Category:History People]]
-[[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Reform]][[Category:Religion]]